Different operating systems support different file systems. Your removable drive should use FAT32 for best compatibility, unless it’s bigger and needs NTFS. Mac-formatted drives use HFS+ and don’t work with Windows. And Linux has its own file systems, too. Unfortunately, even typical computer users need to think about the different file systems and what they’re compatible with. Here’s what you need to know about file systems — and why there are so many different ones. But Why Are There So Many? Not all file systems are equal. Different file systems have different ways of organizing their data. Some file systems are faster than others, some have additional security features, and some support drives with large storage capacities while others only work on drives with a smaller amount of storage. Some file systems are more robust and resistant to file corruption, while others trade that robustness for additional speed. There’s no one best file system for all uses. Each operating system tends to use its own file system, which the operating system developers also work on. Microsoft, Apple, and the Linux kernel developers all work on their own file systems. New file systems could be faster, more stable, scale better to larger storage devices, and have more features than old ones. There’s a lot of work that goes into designing a file system, and it can be done in many different ways. A file system isn’t like a partition, which is simply a chunk of storage space. A file system specifies how files are laid out, organized, indexed, and how metadata is associated with them. There’s always room to tweak — and improve — how this is done. Switching File Systems RELATED: Understanding Hard Drive Partitioning with Disk Management Each partition is formatted with a file system. You may sometimes be able to “convert” a partition to a different file system and keep the data on it, but this is rarely an ideal option. Instead, you’ll probably want to copy your important data off the partition first. Afterward, giving the partition a new file system is simply a matter of “formatting” it with that file system in the operating system that supports it. For example, if you have a Linux or Mac-formatted drive, you can format it with NTFS or FAT32 in Windows to get a Windows-formatted drive. Operating systems automatically format partitions with the appropriate file system during the operating system installation process, too. If you have a Windows-formatted partition you want to install Linux on, the Linux installation process will format its NTFS or FAT32 partition with the Linux file system preferred by your Linux distribution of choice. So, if you have a storage device and you want to use a different file system on it, just copy the files off it first to back them up. Then, format that drive with a tool like Disk Management in Windows, GParted in Linux, or Disk Utility in Mac OS X. An Overview of Common File Systems Here’s a quick overview of some of the more common file systems you’ll encounter. It’s not exhaustive — there are many other different ones. FAT32: FAT32 is an older Windows file system, but it’s still used on removable media devices — just the smaller ones, though. Larger external hard drives of 1 TB or so will likely come formatted with NTFS. You’ll only want to use this with small storage devices or for compatibility with other devices like digital cameras, game consoles, set-top boxes, and other devices that just support FAT32 and not the newer NTFS file system. NTFS: Modern versions of Windows — since Windows XP — use the NTFS file system for their system partition. External drives can be formatted with either FAT32 or NTFS. HFS+: Macs use HFS+ for their internal partitions, and they like to format external drives with HFS+ too — this is required to use an external drive with Time Machine so file system attributes can be properly backed up, for example. Macs can also read and write to FAT32 file systems, although they can only read from NTFS file systems by default — you’d need third-party software to write to NTFS file systems from a Mac. Ext2/Ext3/Ext4: You’ll often see the Ext2, Ext3, and Ext4 file systems on Linux. Ext2 is an older file systems, and it lacks important features like journaling — if the power goes out or a computer crashes while writing to an ext2 drive, data may be lost. Ext3 adds these robustness features at the cost of some speed. Ext4 is more modern and faster — it’s the default file system on most Linux distributions now, and is faster. Windows and Mac don’t support these file systems — you’ll need a third-party tool to access files on such file systems. For this reason, it’s often ideal to format your Linux system partitions as ext4 and leave removable devices formatted with FAT32 or NTFS if you need compatibility with other operating systems. Linux can read and write to both FAT32 or NTFS. Btrfs: Btrfs — “better file system” — is a newer Linux file system that’s still in development. It isn’t the default on most Linux distributions at this point, but it will probably replace Ext4 one day. The goal is to provide additional features that allow Linux to scale to larger amounts of storage. Swap: On Linux, the “swap” file system isn’t really a file system. A partition formatted as “swap” can just be used as swap space by the operating system — it’s like the page file on Windows, but requires a dedicated partition. A typical computer user doesn’t need to know most of this stuff — it should be transparent and simple — but knowing the basics helps you understand questions like, “Why doesn’t this Mac-formatted drive work with my Windows PC?” and “Should I format this USB hard drive as FAT32 or NTFS?” Referring Site How To Geek

We continue our articles on how to select the right equipment to better organize your data recovery facility. We have already discussed the best PC configuration for your business. Now 4 more articles about important tools are coming: Essential tools Consumables Specific tools for HDD Specific tools for Flash Today we are going to discuss the essential tools for every data recovery lab. Let’s get to it! Digital multimeter What’s it used for? Checking the presence of voltage at PCB Checking the resistance of heads contacts Checking the resistance of spindle motor coils Checking the electrical continuity of some elements (fuses, contact pads) Measuring capacity (useful in PCB repair and reverse engineering) How to choose the right one and Special requirements The choice of a simple digital multimeter depends on the budget of your data recovery lab. For the purposes listed above, you can get any of them. Multimeters vary in measurement range, accuracy class, size, the presence of lighting, moisture protection, additional functions such as the checking of transistors, the measurement of humidity, light, etc. The brands: Uni Trend CEM instruments Fluke Mastech Sanwa Velleman ProsKit Soldering tools What’s it used for? PC-3000 for HDDs: soldering and unsoldering of NV-RAM chips, wires etc. PC-3000 for Flash drives: unsoldering of NAND flash chips of different form-factors and packages such as TSOP, BGA, TLGA How to choose the right one and Special requirements There are regular soldering iron and soldering stations. Soldering stations differ from regular soldering iron by: having galvanic isolation stable temperature and temperature control fireproof sting Furthermore, there are two types of heating elements used in soldering: ceramic and nichrome. The nichrome heats faster than the ceramic, and its lifetime is longer. At the same time, it is more costly. If you are in a hardware repair business or have some spare money, you can take a look on professional infrared stations like this one. These are expensive, but enhance your working operations and efficiency. They are better in soldering BGA chips and SMD components. The brands: Lukey CT Brand ELEMENT Solomon ProsKit many other Chinese brands Programmer device What’s it used for? In most of cases, PC-3000 allows you to read the ROM data without any soldering operations. But in some cases, you can’t read the ROM with PC-3000 (e.g. if you write the wrong burn resource or if the PCB is partially dead). To fix the PCB you will need a programmer device. How to choose the right one and Special requirements There are a lot of programmer devices available on the market that costin between $1 to several thousand dollars. How to choose the best one for data recovery? Commonly, if you need something cheap – you can purchase any SPI programmer that is supported by the flashrom tool. The Bus Pirate is probably the best compromise between cost and functionality. You may even try the cheapest solution – the CH341A based SPI programmer, but take in mind software limitations (e.g. in flashrom SPI clock is fixed on 2Mhz currently). Check this forum post to learn more. If you have Arduino prototyping boards or Raspberry Pi, you can set them up to act like the SPI programmer device. If you want your programmer to support as many chips as possible – take a look on Xeltek devices. And don’t forget to purchase the SOIC-8 compatible with the ZIF adapter if it’s not included in the programmer device kit. Screwdriver with Bits kit What’s it used for? disassembling any device and ejecting the storage medium unscrewing the PCB from HDA HDA opening SSD opening How to choose the right one and Special requirements To work with any drive in addition to the regular “plus” Philips bits, you need TorxT5, T6, T7 and T8 bits. Some HDDs also use Pentalobe screws. If you don’t specialize exclusively on data recovery, you can order the universal screwdrivers like this. The best are magnetic screwdrivers (for convenience) made of 6150 Steel (it will serve longer). Microscope What’s it used for? Working with small components Precision soldering and desoldering small components Inspecting the solder joints Observing damage on heads and platters How to choose the right one and Special requirements It is recommended to purchase a Stereomicroscope with at least 10X. If you feel that you will use a camera with it, then purchase a Stereomicroscope with a digital camera attached to it. Scalpel Useful for cleaning the legs of chips (ROM or NAND) and opening devices that are glued together. Scalpel should be made of stainless steel. You can purchase it from any local radio or medical shop. It’s better to buy reusable scalpels because they have better corrosion resistance. Tweezers Tool for holding and manipulating small and delicate components. Good tweezers are: Made of non-magnetic stainless steel ESD-safe have nylon tips (perfect for delicate work with components because it does not leave scratches) It’s better to purchase the pointed version because it’s more precise and universal. If you can’t find tweezers at the local radio shop, you can purchase them from iFixit ([1] and [2]) or check the popular stores such as Aliexpress, eBay or Amazon. Clippers (cutters) For trimming wires. You can also purchase the pliers with cutting surface instead of the clippers for greater universality. Pliers Can be useful for extracting screws with the derailed thread. Perfect for precise work that requires something more heavy-duty than the tweezers, but smaller and more accurate than full sized pliers. Device opener Can be useful for extracting screws with the derailed thread. Perfect for precise work that requires something more heavy-duty than the tweezers, but smaller and more accurate than full sized pliers. Device opener Referring Domain Essential tools for your data recovery lab | PC-3000 Support Blog (acelaboratory.com) (acelaboratory.com)

The PC-3000 UDMA is a hardware-software solution intended for diagnosing and repairing HDDs based on SATA (Serial ATA) and ATA (IDE) interfaces for numerous vendors (Seagate, Western Digital, Fujitsu, Samsung, Maxtor, Quantum, IBM (HGST), HITACHI, TOSHIBA), for various capacities (from 500MB to 8 TB) and various form factors: 3.5" - desktop drives, 2.5" and 1.8" - laptop drives. The PC-3000 UDMA coupled with the Data Extractor UDMA forms the PC-3000 UDMA Professional System that allows you to recover data from SATA, ATA (IDE) HDD. If you wish to repair these HDD, you need only the PC-3000 UDMA, and for data recovery you need the combination of PC-3000 UDMA and Data Extractor UDMA. he new PC-3000 UDMA is a three-port tester-board which is inserted into a PCI-Express expansion slot and has 2 SATA ports (data transfer speed up to 133 MB/s) and 1 PATA (speed up to 100 MB/s) port. The primary port is SATA0 while SATA1 is a secondary port which is switchable with the PATA port. The PC-3000 UDMA provides two simultaneous connections for two drives – the first port is used for SATA and the second one can be used either for SATA or for PATA (it depends on your needs). Thus, you can work either with 2 SATA drives or 1 SATA and 1 PATA at the same time. When developing the new PCI-Express-based PC-3000 UDMA system, we used the main features from the previous generation of PCI-based PC-3000 UDMA, which proved to be the best, most reliable, and most optimally performing data recovery system possible, while at the same time maintaining a reasonable price. Processing modes: SATA x2 — UDMA133, UDMA100, UDMA66, UDMA33, PIO4, PIO3, PIO2, PIO1, PIO0 PATA x1 - UDMA100, UDMA66, UDMA33, PIO4, PIO3, PIO2, PIO1, PIO0 Two ports are separable, but when they are both in use they are dependent. There is a slight reduction in performance on the second channel when the first one is fully loaded (no more than 20% reduction) as the PC-3000 UDMA is based on a single-channel PCI-Express bus. At the same time, this technical solution allows a reduction of the total cost of the board and makes it more attractive for small and mid-sized data recovery companies. According to the diagram, the reading speed of two channels on the new PC-3000 UDMA is much higher than the reading speed of the previous generation of PC-3000 UDMA on the PCI bus. Power supply adapter A double-channel power supply adapter is located on the board controller and provides independent +5 V, +12 V voltage supply and protection from overvoltage and current overloading. In case of any contingency the HDD power supply is switched off automatically. In addition, every channel has a feedback circuit with special management software that controls the supplying voltage values and informs the user about any issue with the feed circuit. Resource Management of the PC-3000 UDMA board One of the most important new features of the PC-3000 UDMA allows for launching of the PC-3000 utility and Data Extractor tasks as separate OS processes. The "PC-3000 Resource manager" software makes using the new PC-3000 UDMA very easy and effective. The "PC-3000 Resource manager" manages port and related process activity, controls the status of the ports, checks process conditions and kills processes when it is necessary. Once a process is started it can use more than one port. For instance, two processes can be used for every port or two ports can be used by one process. THE PC-3000 UDMA Kit PC-3000 UDMA-E controller PC-USB PWR adapter PC-USB-TERMINAL adapter PC-2" adapter SATA-micro SATA adapter MX-SAFE adapter PC-FUJ.SATA adapter PC-QUANTUM adapter PC-SAMSUNG adapter PC-SEAG.SATA adapter PC-SEAGATE adapter PC-TOSH.SATA adapter PC-WD3.5" adapter PC-WD2.5" adapter ATCS, ATDA probe unlock USB 2.0 Defender cable SATA RAID edition (100 cm) cable UDMA80 (80 cm) flat cable IDC10 (30 cm) cable MX-SAFE power cable SATA HDD (100 cm) power cable PATA HDD (85 cm) power cable PATA-SATA (15 cm) power adapter PC-3000 UDMA software, resource database User manual The main principles of PC-3000 functionality A Hard Disk Drive (HDD) consists of three main parts: the Hard Drive Assembly, the printed circuit board and the internal software. If one of these parts is damaged, the HDD does not work. The PC-3000 allows you to diagnose the HDD, fix damaged HDD modules, switch off defective heads, block access to the damaged area of magnetic surfaces, get access to the user data and many other functions. HDD diagnosis can be done in standard (user) and technological (factory) modes. There are special PC-3000 adapters used for switching the HDD into technological mode to get access to the internal HDD software and user data. To make initial diagnostics, the PC-3000 universal utility is launched. It diagnoses the HDD in user mode. The following checks are done: if the HDD is identified and if the HDD is password locked; check of surface access by LBA to the user data area and HDD translation system etc. If there are any HDD malfunctions, a special vendor-specific technological utility (intended for a specific HDD vendor) is used to repair the drive and gain access to user data in technological mode. Technological utilities The PC-3000 UDMA includes 16 special utilities used for various vendors, architectures and HDD families. Special utilities help to conduct HDD diagnosis on a low level, reveal damages and try to exclude them using special program methods and gain access to user data. If you wish to only repair the HDD and you do not need user data, you can make full drive initialization, switch off damaged heads, hide defects on the magnetic surface and reconfigure the HDD. All specialized PC-3000 utilities are capable of performing the following actions: diagnose the HDD in technological mode verify and recover the HDD service area read-write Flash ROMs area load service information access program – LDR modify HDD heads configuration tables review defect tables (P-list, G-list, T-list, etc.) hide found defects of magnetic surface recalculate (initialize) translator change configuration and identification parameters reset logs and S.M.A.R.T parameters watch and reset HDD passwords work with the Data Extractor How to use the PC-3000 UDMA to recover data The most frequent reasons of HDD damage: failure of one or more magnetic-resistance heads damaged service information module magnetic surface defects like scratches damaged PCB other damage In many cases it is not necessary to fully repair the HDD to recover data. It could suffice to correct internal HDD software. This allows temporal access to user data and you can read the required information. If one of the magnetic heads is damaged, we can get data access through the remaining heads using “MR-Head Shift technology”. The damaged head is substituted by the adjacent correct magnetic head. It allows for keeping the integrity of the translated data and for reading big data volumes without having to exchange the head stack. If there is a problem with the initial HDD initialization, the detailed start process log can show some information that helps to identify the damaged program modules with service information. Service area copies can be switched over to make the correct system head initialization. If the initialization process fails due to the problem with loading program modules into RAM, you can use the special Loader that creates essential HDD content into RAM. Technological mode allows reading of data using physical parameters in PZCHS or line physical area with ABA. It is very often the only way to read data from significantly damaged surfaces. When the HDD PCB is damaged you can use another correct PCB taken from an HDD donor. This will save a lot of time in gaining access to user data. USB HDD access can be done using the COM port or adapted SATA HDD PCB. How to use the PC-3000 UDMA to repair HDDs? The PC-3000 provides a great variety of functions for repairing HDDs. It enables the user to overwrite FLASH ROM, to switch off damaged magnetic heads, to detect and exclude damage in the HDD service area, to recalculate and overwrite service modules, to regenerate the translation system, to clean and reset S.M.A.R.T. logs and tables, to detect bad areas in magnetic surfaces and to exclude them from the HDD working area. Afterward, identification parameters are corrected (including serial number, model, capacity, etc.) There are 5 main HDD repair stages: HDD PCB is diagnosed. It helps to evaluate how difficult it is to repair this HDD and if it is worth doing it. Board can be repaired or substituted by another board taken from an HDD donor. Flash ROM is checked for integrity and version correspondence. If necessary, they are rewritten from the PC-3000 resource database. Magnetic heads are checked, bad heads are disabled. HDD service area is diagnosed. Service information modules are checked on all copies. Damaged modules are recovered or overwritten in accordance with reference data. Some service modules are cleaned and logs are reset. Calibration is launched for those HDDs where it is possible to do it. Searching the bad sectors and tracks on HDD surfaces and hiding them. In case of seriously damaged surface and numerous bad sectors, this surface area is disabled. If defects are minor and local, separate areas can be switched off or defects can be hidden by using an HDD backup zone, HDD capacity remains the same. For some drives SelfScan procedure can be launched. Available HDD logical space is determined. Max LBA parameters, model name, serial number etc are formed. The PC-3000 UDMA HDD firmware database The PC-3000 UDMA Professional system has a massive database of factory firmware resources: FLASH ROMs, service area modules, service area tracks and other HDD critical resources. The database is systematized and stores all data in compressed format. It allows getting quick and easy data access and sharing firmware resources between several PC-3000 Kits. The main advantages of PC-3000 database: FireBird database server is used (one of the most reliable SQL servers) adaptive indexation mechanism is used to speed up the search process shared firmware database can be created for use by several PC-3000 kits at the same time backup policy can be managed you can create a database with more than 4GB size you may add your own resources, for example, new objects, from the latest HDD models all users can exchange resources they have between each other Dedicated modes for experienced users There are two dedicated modes intended for experienced users: integrated script system and ATA commander Script system – allows creating algorithms used for issuing commands to HDDs in Visual Basic Script including data preparation and results interpretation. Advanced object model is used for getting access to HDDs. This object model is used by PC-3000 utilities. This algorithm can be added to any PC-3000 utility as a "user" mode. ATA commander – interactive mode that allows issuing commands to HDDs (including technological commands) even by a user who does not have programming skills. You can set values for HDD registers (including registers for LBA 48 mode), and prepare and provide HDD data commands using a binary text editor. The sequence of supplied HDD commands can be classified by types and saved to file for later use or for sending to another PC-3000 owner. Judging from HDD command data, ATA Commander can generate script text for using it from Script system or as a "user mode" Referring Pages https://www.acelaboratory.com/pc3000.udma.php Referring Website https://www.acelaboratory.com

RapidSpar is the first cloud-driven device built to help IT professionals and non-specialized users recover lost client data from damaged or failing HDDs/SSDs. The RapidSpar device has one SATA port for the Source drive, one SATA port for the Target drive, and one USB (3.0 or newer only) port for extended control through a host computer. In addition to offering basic control options, the touchscreen display shows various real time information on the current case, including the status of every sector being read, status of the Source drive's ATA registers, sector read time graph, and 5V/12V current consumption graphs. The RapidSpar solution has three different modes of operation: Standalone mode In standalone mode, RapidSpar functions as a simple sector by sector data recovery cloning tool. It is controlled from its touchscreen display and used to retrieve data from a degraded SATA/IDE drive to a healthy SATA drive. Case metadata (such as sector maps and various logs) is stored on the built-in SSD inside the RapidSpar unit. Read sector timeout is enforced by various reset commands and/or power cycle as needed. With PC and RapidNebula The connection to the RapidNebula expert system allows RapidSpar to perform diagnostics and apply automatic firmware fixes/optimizations. When the process is executed from RSA, the RapidSpar unit will collect hundreds of diagnostic parameters from the connected drive and send them to the RapidNebula for analysis. Our expert system will then look for patterns of similarities between the current case and all cases it previously solved to determine the most probable type of failure and the most appropriate course of action for recovery. RapidNebula then sends the relevant fix/optimization to be applied by the RapidSpar unit, after which recovery of files/folders can continue through the RSA software. Our focus with this system is to automatically solve the most common cases received by IT service providers. An internet connection is required. Access to the RapidNebula is free for the first year, and can be extended for $350/year after that. Play animation With PC and RapidNebula The connection to the RapidNebula expert system allows RapidSpar to perform diagnostics and apply automatic firmware fixes/optimizations. When the process is executed from RSA, the RapidSpar unit will collect hundreds of diagnostic parameters from the connected drive and send them to the RapidNebula for analysis. Our expert system will then look for patterns of similarities between the current case and all cases it previously solved to determine the most probable type of failure and the most appropriate course of action for recovery. RapidNebula then sends the relevant fix/optimization to be applied by the RapidSpar unit, after which recovery of files/folders can continue through the RSA software. Our focus with this system is to automatically solve the most common cases received by IT service providers. An internet connection is required. Access to the RapidNebula is free for the first year, and can be extended for $350/year after that. Play animation Referring Website - Deepspar www.rapidspar.com

Ubiquiti Networks U6-LR UniFi 6 Long Range Dual-Band Access Point - Data Throughput: 600 Mbps (2.4GHz), 2400 Mbps (5GHz) - Antenna Gain: 4dBi (2.4GHz), 5.5dBi (5GHz) - MIMO: 4 x 4 - CPU: Dual-Core Cortex A53 1.35GHz - Memory: 512 MB - Concurrent Clients: 300+ - Interface: 1x 1Gbps RJ45 LAN - Standards: 802.11a/b/g, WiFi 4/5/6 - Security: WPA-PSK, WPA-Enterprise (WPA/WPA2/WPA3*) *Supporting Upcoming Controller Versions - BSSID: 8 per Radio - 12 Months Limited Warranty Manufacturer Warranty: 12 Months Limited Warranty Manufacturer Contact Info: https://www.ubnt.com/ Rating: 4.4 stars this product overall will complete a full long range wifi connection an sustain it over the course of the device lifes. · 1.3 GHz dual-core processor (now upgraded to support full-duplex 1 Gbps TCP/IP performance)· Four-stream high-efficiency Wi-Fi 6 technology· 5 GHz band 4x4 MU-MIMO and OFDMA with radio rate of 2.4 Gbps· 2.4 GHz band 4x4 MIMO with radio rate of 600 Mbps· Rated for indoor and semi-outdoor environments with an IP54 rating U6-LR is a High-Performance Access Point leveraging advanced WiFi 6 technology to provide powerful wireless coverage to enterprise environments. It delivers an aggregate radio rate of up to 3.0 Gbps with 5 GHz WiFi 6 (4x4 MU-MIMO and OFDMA) and 2.4 GHz4x4 MIMO radios. The U6-LR seamlessly blends into any environment, and is capable of being mounted in indoor and semi-outdoor environments (IP54 rated), and comes equipped with a Bluetooth Low Energy Radio for location-based services. SKU # AC44712 | Model # U6-LR Brand Ubiquiti Networks WiFi Technology Wireless-AX (WiFi 6) WiFi Speed AC3000 Mesh Networking No POE Support Yes Ethernet Ports 1 Mountable Yes Antenna Internal USB Connectivity No

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Smartphones are ubiquitous and astonishingly capable. Snazzy, innovative laptop designs are constantly evolving. So where does that leave the venerable desktop PC? You'll find plenty of them for sale, to be sure, and innovation never stops in the desktop market. But more people now than ever consider desktops an anachronism, heading straight to the laptop aisle instead for their next computer purchase. That's not always the right move. Rumors of the demise of the desktop PC have been greatly exaggerated, year after year, for at least a decade now. Desktops aren't facing extinction, and they are doing anything but standing still. Consumers and businesses alike should still consider buying one, because their advantages of old still ring true today: Forty years after they ignited the personal computing revolution and the internet age, they're still the most cost-effective, customizable, and easy-to-upgrade computers you can own. Despite these advantages, a desktop isn't necessarily better than a laptop or tablet for everyone, especially if your main computing life consists of basic typing and surfing tasks done on the living-room couch. For many others—especially small businesses, families, creative professionals, gamers, and tech tinkerers—desktops are often the best choice and the best value. While desktops don't come in as many distinct form factors as laptops do, there is great variation in computing power and room for upgrades among them. Let's consider these, and a bunch of other important factors, in this guide to buying a desktop. First Move: Take Stock of Your Budget One of the desktop's most alluring promises is the value it delivers. Your money simply goes further with desktop PCs and their components. Instead of buying a $700 laptop with a competent Intel Core i5 processor, you can get a $700 desktop with a more powerful Core i7 CPU in it, and maybe even squeeze in a dedicated graphics card. You can find complete mini PCs for very light work and display-signage tasks for under $300, and perfectly serviceable small towers for $300 to $600. Gaming desktops with dedicated graphics cards start at around $500. You can also find all-in-one desktops, with the display and all of the computing components built into a single device, starting at around $400. The thing with desktops is, opting for a cheap one does not carry some of the same risks you'd face with a like-priced laptop. A $250 Black Friday special or a steeply discounted refurbished desktop could perform just fine for basic computing, and you wouldn't need to worry about the wear and tear on cheap materials that you might with a laptop of a similar price. That inexpensive laptop would be subject to the vagaries of daily commuting and the occasional drop from a coffee table. The desktop, in contrast, would need to stay put and just work. At the top end of the market are business workstations, tricked-out gaming rigs, and magnificently engineered all-in-one PCs that cost several thousand dollars. Not only will a $3,000 gaming tower offer immense computing power today, but it should come with so much room for expansion and potential for upgradability that its useful life will be far longer than any laptop's. And that's before you even delve into the wild world of custom PCs: automotive-grade paint jobs, liquid cooling, and fanciful lighting and wiring. IT-manageable, security-conscious business desktops—most of them nowadays made by Dell, HP, and Lenovo—have their own pricing dynamic and tend to cost more, all else being equal. That's because of their premium warranty or support plans, as well as the possible addition of enterprise-specific silicon focused on manageability or security. Sometimes, part of the cost premium of new business desktops reflects the PC maker’s guarantee that it will stock replacement components and upgrades for that line of machines for a fixed future period. That allows IT pros to count on the ability to continue servicing a fleet of a given business machine over that stretch of time. Settle on an Operating System The Mac vs. PC debate is one of the oldest in modern technology, and we're not going to pick a side or try to settle that particular religious war here. But if you're not wedded to one or the other by years of habit (or the peripherals and software you own) and are open to switching, here's a quick rundown of your choices. Windows 10 is the latest iteration of Microsoft's operating system. Desktops that use it and previous versions of the OS are what most people typically rely on, so you'll be assured of the best compatibility and the widest selection of third-party software. Desktops running Windows 10 are also readily available below $500, making them attractive to casual users, families looking for a second PC, and bargain hunters. Macs are an excellent choice if you're already in an Apple-centric household, since they offer seamless compatibility with iPads and iPhones, including the ability to send and receive messages on any device connected to your iCloud account. The cost of entry will be higher than with the least expensive PCs, however. Google's Chrome OS is a viable alternative to Windows and macOS, but desktops running it (called Chromeboxes) are rare and best suited to niche uses like powering a restaurant menu display. A fourth option is to buy a desktop with no operating system at all and install an open-source one of your choosing, such as Ubuntu Linux. We don't recommend going this route unless you're technically savvy, willing to experiment, and okay fixing software compatibility issues and other quirks. What Desktop Form Factor Do You Need? Macs and Windows PCs are available in all three of the major desktop form factors: mini PCs that can fit on a bookshelf, sleek all-in-ones with built-in (and usually high-resolution) displays, and traditional desktop towers that are bulky but offer room for more or less easy expansion. These three forms each have strengths and weaknesses, and none of them is an obvious best choice for everyone. You'll have to choose based on what you plan to do with your desktop and where you plan to put it. For truly cramped quarters or light workloads, as well as for people who love the efficient use of space, a mini PC could be the best choice. They come in sizes ranging from tiny sticks not much larger than a USB thumb drive to small-form-factor (SFF) towers that may be nearly a foot tall but have compact footprints. The very smallest sizes have the benefit of disappearing behind an HDMI-equipped monitor or TV, and they contain a processor, memory, storage, and ports to hook up keyboards and mice. They're economical and power-efficient, and can serve as adequate web browsing or multimedia viewing platforms. But know that the models at the truly tiny end of the scale offer no room for adding extra internal components, and their preinstalled parts are usually difficult or impossible to upgrade. That said, you can find a fair mix of what qualify as mini PCs that do offer the ability to customize or upgrade components. Models based on or inspired by Intel's Next Unit of Computing (NUC) platform can be as small as 5 inches square but still allow for one or two solid-state drives of your choosing, and the ability to choose and install your own RAM. They're bigger than the "stick"-style PCs but much more flexible. Traditional tower desktops offer even more flexibility, but also a lot more bulk. Nowadays, the differences between midsize and full-size towers are less well-defined, and some of the new PC case designs—from cubes to glass boxes—defy easy categorization. Still, nearly all desktop towers have generous amounts of interior space and full-size (a.k.a. ATX) motherboards, so you can install one or more (sometimes, many more) secondary storage drives, more RAM in empty slots on the motherboard, a video card if one isn't installed, and in some remote cases, even a second graphics card for extreme gaming or graphics-accelerated tasks. (Note that not all desktop mini towers and towers can take a graphics upgrade. That is where reviews come in.) An all-in-one (AIO) desktop is quite a different animal than both of these form factors. An AIO can save you some space, since the display is built in. An AIO's value proposition comes down to space saving and whether you happen to be shopping for a desktop display at the same time. Though you can find budget AIOs with basic feature sets, lower resolutions, and non-touch screens, many new models offer touch-enabled screens, and some AIO panels have exceptionally high native resolutions of 4K (3,840 by 2,160 pixels) or even 5K (5,120 by 2,880 pixels). Touch displays make them excellent choices for watching movies or serving as a multimedia hub in the kitchen or other public area of your home, though the very highest resolutions target content creators rather than consumers. With a few exceptions for business-oriented models, you will give up a lot of room for expansion in an AIO versus traditional desktop tower. Cracking open an AIO for an upgrade or fix, while not impossible, is a bigger deal than opening the side of a desktop tower. Apple's late-model iMacs are particularly difficult to open. How Much Processing Power Is Enough? One of the main benefits of a desktop tower is that it will use a desktop-grade CPU. That may sound obvious, but it's a key distinction. AMD and Intel, the two biggest makers of processors for PCs, offer desktop-class chips and laptop-class chips to system manufacturers, but often the CPU model names are similar and tricky to tell apart. For example, you will see Intel's Core i7 in both laptops and desktops, but having a "true" desktop CPU versus one made for a mobile device makes a big performance difference. A desktop CPU gives you more power for complex content-creation work, PC gaming, or math and scientific projects. Faster processors with four, six, eight, or even as many as 18 cores will benefit software written to take advantage of the extra cores. The desktop version of a given CPU will consume more power and generate more heat than versions designed for laptops, which must be incorporated into environments that have less thermal and power-delivery leeway. A desktop CPU also has greater wiggle room to incorporate a key feature, multithreading, that allows each of the CPU's cores to address two processing threads at a time instead of just one. Multithreading (which Intel calls "Hyper-Threading") can deliver a major performance boost when engaged with suitably equipped software. The very highest-end desktop chips may require liquid cooling systems, which limits their use to high-end towers with lots of interior space. Processors in these families are specialized and expensive, and you’ll only want them if you have very specific software needs that you know, explicitly, can leverage their higher base and peak clock rates, as well as all of their addressable cores and threads. These are not casual purchases. Many AIOs and mini PCs, conversely, use the same efficient, cooler-running types of CPUs that you'll find in laptops. Intel typically labels these mobile-first chip designs with a CPU name containing "U," "Y," or "H" (and now in 2022, "P" for some new Core chips); most desktop chips instead have a "T" or a "K," or just a zero at the end. A mobile CPU might have the same number of processor cores as its desktop counterpart (four- and six-core chips are common in both), but its maximum power consumption will often be far lower. Also, the typical base and boost clock speeds may be lower, and the chip may not support multithreading. That said, many desktop PC buyers will be fine with these lower-powered CPUs for everyday work, and a little more. For a typical tower using a true desktop-grade CPU, mainstream users should look for an Intel Core i5 or AMD Ryzen 5; the Core i7 and Ryzen 7 are also excellent, powerful choices, but overkill for most folks who aren’t serious PC gamers, intensive multitaskers, or prosumer or pro video or image manipulators. If CPU power is critically important, though, these should suffice. The Core i9, Ryzen 9, Ryzen Threadripper, and Core X-Series are worthwhile only if you know your workflow is being held back by too few cores or threads, or you have extreme needs in terms of internal storage (for which the Threadripper and Core X can help with internal resources). Again, see our deep-dive on desktop CPUs to understand the nuances of these higher-end choices. Do You Need a Powerful Graphics Card? All computers have a CPU, but most laptops and many cheaper desktops don't have a dedicated graphics processor, or GPU. Instead, their display output comes from a portion of the CPU, a slice of silicon known as an integrated graphics processor (IGP). An IGP is fine for basic tasks, such as checking your email, browsing the web, or even streaming videos. Doing productivity work on an IGP is completely within bounds. Indeed, most business desktops rely on IGPs. That said, an IGP is not the answer for anyone who wants to run intensive 3D games, render architectural simulations, or perhaps train an artificial intelligence algorithm. These situations—especially games, but often pro-grade apps, too—can benefit from more muscular graphics. Times like these call for a graphics card, which will bring its own GPU to the game, and the most powerful of these are found in desktop PCs. Choosing a graphics card is a complex affair. Gamers should consider the capabilities of their monitor first. A 4K monitor or one with a high refresh rate (144Hz or greater) will require a very powerful GPU (or occasionally even two GPUs) to display games at the monitor's maximum potential. If you're just looking to do some middle-of-the-road gaming on a 1080p monitor (and not looking to win any professional esports crowns), a mainstream card like those in Nvidia's GeForce GTX series will do just fine. At the high end, current GPU choices for gaming desktops include Nvidia's GeForce RTX 3090 and 3000 series, and AMD's Radeon RX 5000 and 6000 series. Meanwhile, creative professionals and other power users should consider the graphics-acceleration recommendations of the apps they plan to run, using the software maker's system requirements as a guide. Graphics-accelerated video rendering or AI programs can benefit from the same types of GPUs as intensive 3D games. Professionals eyeing workstations will want to consider Nvidia's Quadro lineup or AMD's Radeon Pro models. Check out our deep-dive guide to graphics cards for much, much more on the nuances of today's video cards. How Much Storage and Memory Should Your Desktop Have? While powerful CPUs and GPUs are mostly relegated to desktop towers, nearly every desktop form factor can handle copious amounts of storage and memory. This is thanks to the advent of higher-capacity memory modules and especially solid-state drives (SSDs). The latter take up vastly less space than the spinning hard drives of old. It's still possible to find desktops with only spinning hard drives, but we recommend avoiding these and choosing an SSD as the main boot drive whenever possible. Some desktops feature a single-drive combination of an SSD and a hard drive. A "true" SSD is really the only way to go as a boot drive today, though, considering how far prices have dropped in the last couple of years. A single 500GB or 512GB SSD is fine for most users. A 250GB or 256GB SSD is also a common size for a boot drive these days, but it's a little tight if you store much locally. Anyone with large media and game collections will want to consider several terabytes of storage across multiple drives. Consider choosing a fast SSD as the boot drive, and one or more large-capacity but slower hard drives for bulk storage of capacity-sapping video or games. A typical configuration in this case is one 512GB SSD and two or more hard drives with at least 1TB of space on each. Such a setup can be more affordable than you might think—an SSD plus one hard drive is sometimes seen on sub-$1,000 desktop towers. If you think you'll add storage later, it’s wise to consider how many expansion bays your desktop has. A combination of two or more 2.5-inch or 3.5-inch bays should be enough, as these can accommodate any type of traditional SSD or hard drive. You'll also want to ensure your desktop has at least one M.2 slot to accept a PCI Express SSD as the main boot drive, since that will offer the fastest throughput speeds. In most new systems, the boot drive will come as an M.2 drive. These drives are very small, the size and thickness of a stick of gum. While a desktop's SSD stores your data, its system memory (or RAM) works with the CPU to run apps and helps define its capacity to multitask. Memory capacities of 8GB or 16GB are fine for most users, and these are the most common configurations on entry-level or midrange desktops of all forms and sizes. Few people will see much benefit from memory amounts above 16GB, but there are exceptions. Gaming PCs above the budget level should have at least 16GB of RAM, and 64GB is a prudent upgrade for esports hounds who want to play and simultaneously edit and stream in-game footage. Finally, assuming your professional software can address higher memory amounts, professional workstations should have at least 32GB of memory with error-correcting code (ECC) capabilities to keep everything running smoothly. You'll want to follow the guidance of the software maker, in that case. Pinpoint the Specific Connectivity You Need You might be able to excuse a relative lack of input and output ports on a sleek AIO. The screen and speakers are built in, and you'll likely use a wireless keyboard and mouse, anyway. But mini PCs and desktop towers need the right selection of ports. At a minimum, they'll have to connect to a display, speakers or headphones, and a power source. On all but the very tiniest of mini PCs, you should look for at least three USB 3.0 (or higher) ports, at least one of which should be the newer, oval-shaped Type-C variety if you have any compatible peripherals that plug directly into that kind of port. You'll also typically find an HDMI output (and perhaps another video output or two, such as DisplayPort or VGA), a 3.5mm audio jack, a connector for an external Wi-Fi antenna, and a receptacle for a physical lock. Note that some mini PCs use scaled-down "mini" versions of HDMI or DisplayPort, which require a different kind of input cable or a dongle. Make sure the machine's video outputs are compatible with your display and its cabling. Larger tower PCs will have many more ports, offering support for pretty much any peripheral you need to connect. Expect six or more USB ports, for starters. On larger towers, one or two of these should support Thunderbolt over USB-C. Also a given: an Ethernet jack for wired networking, and multiple DisplayPort and HDMI jacks on the dedicated GPU (assuming there is one) for connecting one or more external monitors. Note that a tower with a graphics card may also have video outputs that stem from the motherboard, but you should only use the video outputs on the GPU. Many towers will also have multiple audio ports, including possibly an optical output and ports for individual speaker channels in a surround-sound setup. Make sure that these match up with any gear you may have; the number of surround-sound jacks can vary depending on the PC and its motherboard. Note that Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity, while reliably present on even the cheapest laptops and many smaller desktops, is not a given on larger towers. High-end workstations and gaming desktops sometimes have a second Ethernet port for doubling network bandwidth or for always-connected redundancy, while business desktops sometimes offer legacy connectors such as VGA video outputs, PS/2 peripheral ports, or serial ports. The throwback-style ports are there for people who still need to use them with older, specialized hardware such as point-of-sale scanners or industrial equipment. Of course, you can buy dongles and adapters for these special port needs, but the possibility of having them built in is a key benefit of choosing a desktop over a laptop. When evaluating a desktop, beyond looking at what ports are present, also evaluate where they are. Are they easily accessible? Towers tend to have a few commonly used ports on the top or front (usually a headphone jack and few USB ports). Some AIOs, in contrast, have some of their key ports hidden behind the stand, in hard-to-reach places. They should also check the maximum wattage rating of the power supply unit (PSU) and whether or not the case has the clearance for bigger coolers (or the mounting points for liquid cooling gear), if they might plan to add a more powerful CPU later on. A low-wattage PSU, such as a 300-watt model used in a desktop with integrated graphics, might preclude adding a graphics card later on without upgrading the PSU, too. Note also, that some very inexpensive desktop PCs use low-wattage, custom-design PSUs that can't support a graphics card and also aren't easy to upgrade, due to their use of nonstandard connectors on the motherboard side. Again, this is where a careful reading of reviews comes in. Desktop towers and mini PCs also require separate speakers or headphones to deliver audio. If you don’t already have them, you'll have to spend extra money to buy some, and in the case of dedicated speakers, they'll take up room on your desk. For people who don't care as much about audio quality and just want loud enough audio to hear family members on the other end of a Skype call, the built-in speakers of an AIO should work just fine. When Is the Best Time to Buy a Desktop? For most people in the market for an inexpensive desktop tower, there's no single best time to buy. While traditional sale holidays such as Black Friday can net you the odd bargain, when you find a system whose features, price, and performance match what you're looking for, take it home. That said, people who need copious amounts of CPU or GPU muscle (and who have a clear idea of what hardware moves the performance needle with the apps they use) should pay attention to PC-component release cycles. Traditionally, Intel has announced new desktop CPU generations once a year, with the new chips showing up in PCs in the fall or early in the holiday shopping period. (This has shown more variance in recent years.) New graphics-card releases are less frequent and depend on the vagaries of technical advances—Nvidia's highly successful GeForce GTX 1000 series, for example, was the cutting edge for several years before the first GeForce RTX cards were announced. Keeping track of PC-component release cycles helps you become aware of what's new before you buy, and also what is going off-market. For shoppers seeking maximum value or on a tight budget, getting a desktop based on a discounted last-generation (but still powerful) CPU or GPU can be the way to go. Shoppers looking for an all-in-one PC, meanwhile, should pay attention to announcements from Apple and Microsoft. Many other manufacturers end up copying—and, sometimes, improving upon—the field-leading designs of the Apple iMac and the Microsoft Surface Studio. Where Should I Buy a Desktop? Since you won’t be lugging a desktop around nearly as much as you would a laptop, it’s less important to handle the chassis and test-drive its build quality in the store before you bring it home. Still, if the desktop comes with peripherals included, it can be helpful to type a few lines and move the mouse around in the store. And setting eyes on an all-in-one desktop is more crucial than with a typical tower desktop or mini PC. The screen is an integral part of what you are buying, and eyes-on time matters, especially if you’re not well-versed, say, in the differences between a 24-inch and 27-inch panel, or a 1080p screen versus a 4K one. If you limit yourself only to the selection at your local electronics outlet, though, you’ll miss out on many great desktops. In fact, some configurations can be exclusive to a single reseller, such as Nercdore Computers. Other merchants, such as Micro Center, frequently have in-store-only deals that aren't available anywhere online. This is where return policies come in handy. If you find a desktop with your ideal specifications online but can't audition it locally, a seller with a liberal return policy is your best friend. Just make sure you've got adequate time to return it, if it ends up not working out. How Long a Warranty Does My Desktop Need? Most desktop makers offer one-year warranties on parts and labor, with extensions available for as many as five years at an additional charge. Before you pay to extend the warranty, though, check your credit-card account benefits guide—your issuer might cover mishaps for a short period of time after you buy a new product, and possibly extend the manufacturer's warranty, too. (Many MasterCard accounts include a doubling of the standard warranty period, up to one year, for example.) If your card issuer doesn’t cover you, and you plan on keeping your desktop for several years, look into the cost of added coverage. Some manufacturers and resellers offer wide ranges of extended warranties; expect to spend $100 to $300 for one of these options. Our rule of thumb is that if a warranty costs more than 15% of the desktop’s purchase price, you're better off spending the money on backup drives or services that minimize downtime and protect precious data that you can't replace. Should I Buy a Refurbished Desktop? Many people considering desktops in the $200-to-$500 range should also consider a refurbished machine. They can be excellent values in certain circumstances. Large corporations lease fleets of desktops for a few years at a time, after which third parties refurbish them and offer them for resale on eBay, as well as via retailers such as Nerdcore Computerst. To find them, search or filter the product category pages for "off-lease" or refurbished systems. These refurbished PCs are often surprisingly cheap ($150 to $250 is common), and many are desktop towers, so they're easy to upgrade or service if a component goes south. They do come with drawbacks. Their components are usually several years behind the cutting edge, they may be in imperfect cosmetic condition (some refurbishers grade condition on an A-B-C scale), and different refurbishers can have varying levels of attention to detail. Still, if you're looking for a cheap desktop to stow in a cabinet or under a desk, used just to check your email and calendar, refurbs can be a fine option. Just be sure to buy from a seller with a reasonable return policy in case you get a dud. So, Which Desktop Should I Consider Buying? Armed with all of the knowledge and decision points above, you're almost ready to shop. The final consideration is how well a desktop PC performs. We review hundreds of PCs every year, evaluating their features and testing their performance against peers in their respective categories. That way, you'll know which are best suited for gaming, which is our favorite general-purpose all-in-one, and which is the best if all you need is a small, powerful system you can get up and running quickly. Our current favorite desktops are below. Not finding anything that looks good? Check out the full feed of all of our latest desktop reviews, as well as our narrower-focused guides to our favorite all-in-one PCs, business desktops, and gaming desktops.

1. Asus ROG Crosshair VIII Dark Hero The best X570 ever created, and the last AM4 board you'll ever need Specifications Chipset: X570 Memory: 4x DIMM, Up to 128GB, DDR4-4866 (OC) Expansion slots: 2x PCIe 4.0 x16, 1x PCIe 3.0 x16, 1x PCIe 4.0 x1 Video ports: N/A Rear USB: 4x USB 3.2 Gen1, 8x USB 3.2 Gen2 (1x USB Type-C) Storage: 3x M.2; 8x SATA Networking: 802.11ax 2.4Gbps Wi-Fi; Intel I211-AT 1G & Realtek RTL8125 2.5G LAN Form factor: ATX Today's Best Deals Nercdore Computers AU$1012View at Nerdcore Computers Reasons to buy +Clean design+Great performance+No chipset fan Reasons to avoid -Expensive-Over-the-top Asus' ROG Crosshair VIII Dark Hero wants to be the last AM4 motherboard you'll ever need. But what is it that makes a great motherboard? Features are important, as is a stable and refined BIOS, value for money, a good design, but intangible. Sometimes it's that the damn thing works. Motherboard testing is often one of the most painful things a tech journalist has to do. With some boards, you have to fight it to get it to do what you want, or expect it to, or have to or crank up some voltage setting to a level you don't want to, but the Dark Hero boots the first time, even as we played with the memory clocks and timings and the Infinity Fabric. The Crosshair VIII Dark Hero might not be the best AM4 motherboard ever made, we'd have to review a few hundred others to make that claim, but it's an easy claim to make that the Dark Hero is undoubtedly one of the best AM4 motherboards we've ever used. Time and months of user feedback will determine if the Dark Hero assumes a position as one of the truly legendary ROG motherboards, but we wouldn't bet against that happening. Read our full Asus ROG Crosshair VIII Dark Hero review. 2. MSI MPG X570 Gaming Pro Carbon WIFI A more reasonable high-end X570 Specifications Chipset: X570 Memory: 4x DIMM, 64GB, DDR4-4400 Expansion Slots: 1x PCIe 4.0 x16, 1x PCIe 4.0 x16 (x8), 1x PCIe 4.0 x16 (x4), 2x PCIe 4.0 x1 Video ports: HDMI USB ports: 8x rear IO, 4x internal Storage: 2x M.2, 6x SATA Networking: 1GbE LAN, Wi-Fi 6 Form factor: ATX Today's Best Deals AU$864.87View at Nerdcore Computers Reasons to buy +Twin PCIe 4.0 M.2 Slots+Wi-Fi 6 Compatible Reasons to avoid -M.2 heat shields and fans make replacing them fiddly The MSI MPG X570 represents an amalgamation of bleeding-edge motherboard tech, built to help you get the most out of AMD's high-end Ryzen 5000 processors, such as the Ryzen 9 5900X or Ryzen 9 5950X. It has four DIMM slots that can handle speeds up to 4,400MHz (although there's not much point going beyond DDR4-4000) and two PCIe 4.0 M.2 slots—MSI's MPG X570 is all about getting the most out of the best components. The rear I/O panel features seven USB Type-A ports for peripherals, as well as a single USB Type-C port for connectivity and high-speed data transfer. So you won't go without precious ports for at least, er, a week. The MPG X570 supports Wi-Fi 6, and while that does necessitate a Wi-Fi 6 compatible router for the fastest speeds, it will also work with existing Wi-Fi 4/5 routers (formerly 802.11n and 802.11ac). Also of note is the HDMI port, which many X570 boards omit (not that we'd recommend using an AMD APU with integrated graphics in a high-end board like this). The pair of M.2 slots each have dedicated heat shields and fans, and while this does help prevent potential thermal throttling, it makes installing or replacing them a more delicate process than with their more-exposed counterparts. Advertisement The MPG X570 features enough compatibility to get the most out of your hardware now and in the future, provided you're willing to pay a premium for it. While it's an excellent motherboard, if you aren't already committed to a shopping list of top-of-the-line components, you may want to consider a slightly less expensive board for your needs. The MSI X570-A Pro omits some extras like Wi-Fi and the M.2 shields, but it still runs fine and costs nearly $100 less. 3. ASRock X570S PG Riptide The best budget X570 motherboard Specifications Chipset: X570S Memory: 4x DIMM, up to DDR4-4733, up to 128GB Expansion Slots: 1x PCIe 4.0 x16, 2x PCIe 4.0 x16 (x4), 3x PCIe 4.0 x1 Video ports: HDMI USB ports: Up to 3x USB 3.2 Gen 2, 8x USB 3.1 Gen 1, 6x USB 2.0 Storage: 2x M.2, 6x SATA Network: Killer E3100G 2.5G LAN Form factor: ATX Today's Best Deals AU$569View Nerdcore Computers Reasons to buy +A great value X570 board+Strong gaming performance Reasons to avoid -Lacks Wi-Fi-Ageing ALC897 audio codec If you're looking for a sub $500 AMD motherboard, the typical advice would be to look at one of the many quality B550 offerings. It's important not to overlook the new X570 versions, though. The basic chipset is a few years old, but with the newly released X570S models, maybe it's time to take a more serious look at AMD's top boards. Notably, the 'S' in the new X570S nomenclature denotes silence. Early generation X570 boards, with only a few exceptions, all came with pesky, whiny chipset fans. As well as passive chipset cooling, the new X570S boards enable upgraded connectivity options, including faster than Gigabit LAN or WiFi 6E. Sadly the ASRock X570S Riptide doesn't have WiFi 6E, but it does have an excellent price for a top chipset board. Advertisement The X570S Riptide is a solid budget offering that will happily occur at the heart of a top-spec PCIe 4.0 system. It won't win the feature showdown battle with more expensive boards. Still, suppose you're looking for an affordable motherboard for a fast gaming system. In that case, it's a great shout, especially if you value one that's silent and well built but free of superfluous extras that do nothing for performance. The ASRock X570S PG Riptide, then, is a strong budget contender for the best AMD motherboard. Read our full ASRock X570S PG Riptide review. 4. Gigabyte X570S Aorus Master The best AMD motherboard with a million USB ports Specifications Chipset: X570S Memory: 4x DIMM, up to DDR4-5100, up to 128GB Expansion Slots: 1x PCIe 4.0 x16, 2x PCIe 4.0 x16 (x4), 3x PCIe 4.0 x1 Video ports: None USB ports: Up to 3x USB 3.2 Gen 2, 8x USB 3.1 Gen 1, 6x USB 2.0 Storage: 2x M.2, 6x SATA Network: Killer E3100G 2.5G LAN Form factor: ATX Today's Best Deals AU$845View at Nerdcore Computers Reasons to buy +Strong VRM and cooling+Loads of USB+Four M.2 slots Reasons to avoid -Single 2.5G LAN only-5G would be nice Advertisement The X570 chipset might be a couple of years old, but that doesn't mean it's time to put it out to pasture just yet. That's precisely what Gigabyte has done with the X570S Aorus Master. It shares a lot in common with its already highly regarded 2019 predecessor. With the inclusion of some critical feature updates and design tweaks, the X570S Aorus Master should remain a best-in-class contender for AMD motherboards. When we first saw X570 boards en masse at Computex in 2019, one of the things that concerned us was the almost universal presence of chipset fans. A 15w TDP combined with the heat of several PCIe 4.0 drives meant that active cooling was required in many cases, though thankfully not all the time. The S in X570S denotes silence. The base chipset design hasn't changed, but Gigabyte has added a lot of surface area to the cooling assembly, with almost the entire bottom half of the board now covered with heatsinks. Gigabyte deserves credit for continuing to use finned VRM heatsinks, which add a lot of surface area. They're proof that it's possible to blend function with form. A 14 phase VRM with 70a MOSFETS is enough to power a 5950X cooled by LN2 with headroom to spare, which means users of ambient cooling won't face any issue. The rear I/O is fully featured, particularly when it comes to USB connectivity. Twelve ports consist of four USB 2.0, two USB 3.1 Gen 1, five USB 3.2 Gen 2, and a single Type-C USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 port. Something has to be done about that ridiculous USB naming scheme, but that's a story for another day. You get clear CMOS and BIOS Flashback buttons, antenna connectors, the standard audio ports with S/PDIF, and finally, a single Intel i225-V 2.5G LAN port. The Aorus Master is packed with features that keep AM4 and X570 relevant and up to date. It's got loads of USB ports and storage options. It looks good too. A board around the $400 mark can't ever be considered affordable, but we feel it offers a good feature set at this price. Read our full Gigabyte X570S Aorus Master review. 5. ASRock X570 Phantom Gaming ITX/TB3 The best compact AMD motherboard around Specifications Chipset: X570 Memory: 2x DIMM, 64 GB, DDR4-4533+ Expansion Slots: 1x PCIe 4.0 x16 Video ports: HDMI 2.0, DisplayPort 1.4 USB ports: 2x USB 3.2 Gen2, 2x USB 3.2 Gen1, 1x USB 3.2 Gen2 Thunderbolt 3 Storage: 1x M.2 Socket Gen4, 4x SATA Network: 1GbE LAN, Wi-Fi 6 Form factor: Mini ITX Today's Best Deals AU$772.76View at Nerdcore Computers Reasons to buy +Tiny, but powerful+Thunderbolt 3 connection+Integrated backpanel Reasons to avoid -Requires an Intel-based CPU cooling bracket Advertisement ASRock has made some great AMD Ryzen motherboards over the years, and this one packs in the latest high-end X570 chipset, forward-looking features, and serious performance. The $200+ price point might be a bit tough to swallow, but plenty of X570 motherboards sit at around that sort of level. The fact there's almost no Mini-ITX premium attached makes the Phantom Gaming-ITX/TB3 even more tempting. It also means you can potentially create a 16-core AMD Ryzen 9 3950X or AMD Ryzen 9 5950X machine that looks about the same sort of size as an Xbox Series X. The PCIe 4.0 support isn't the only advanced connection on offer with this wee ASRock AMD motherboard either; there's also Thunderbolt 3 connectivity from the integrated I/O shield of the back panel. That's an impressive little added extra from what is an already special board. It is worth noting that it will require an Intel-based CPU cooling bracket. To fit all the features into the mini-ITX form factor, ASRock didn't have space for the bulky AMD fitting. That's only an issue if you want to use the stock AMD coolers, but otherwise, any third-party cooler will come with Intel brackets. Best gaming motherboards | Best SSD for gaming | Best gaming laptop Best PC cases | Best gaming PC | Best gaming mouse 6. MSI MAG B550M Mortar The best B550 motherboard for pure gaming performance Specifications Chipset: B550 Memory support: 4x DIMM, up to 128 GB, up to DDR4-4400 Expansion slots: 1x PCIe 4.0 x16, 1x PCIe 3.0 x4 Video ports: DisplayPort, HDMI Rear USB: 2 x USB 3.2 Gen 1, 1 x USB 3.2 Gen 2, 1 x USB 3.2 Gen 2 Type-C, 2x USB 2.0 Storage: 2x M.2, 6x SATA 6Gbps Networking: 2.5GbE LAN Form factor: Micro-ATX Today's Best Deals AU$356 View at Nerdcore Computers Reasons to buy +Great stock-clock performance and efficiency+Slick BIOS+Competitive pricing Reasons to avoid -Poor overclocking-Light on features Advertisement When it comes to gaming performance above all else, MSI's micro-ATX MAG B550M Mortar is your best bet for an affordable next-gen Ryzen machine. It comes in around the $160 mark, making it cheaper than a great many X570 and other B550 motherboards on the market right now. The gaming frame rates of the MSI B550 Mortar put it above the rest of the B550 crew we've tested so far, and indeed its straight CPU performance puts it up there with some of the best X570s. That bodes well if you're looking for an affordable home for your AMD Zen 3 CPU; this B550 has a great chance to ensure it performs to its fullest stock-clocked potential without breaking the bank. But you will be missing out on extra PCIe 4.0 M.2 and x16 graphics slots if those extras mean a lot to you. You can also opt to ditch wireless networking, depending on whether you pick the straight Mortar or the more expensive Mortar Wi-Fi 6 version. The 8+2+1 power phase design is arguably a more unwelcome miss, however, as that results in a board that isn't going to spark any overclocking joy in your heart. But, as an affordable gaming board without OC pretensions, it's a great shout. Read our full MSI MAG B550M Mortar review. 7. ASRock A520M ITX/ac One for AMD's mini-ITX fans on a mini budget Specifications Socket: AM4 Size: Mini ITX Memory support: 2x DIMM, up to 64 GB, up to DDR4-4600 (OC) Expansion slots: 1x PCIe 3.0 x16 Video ports: 1x HDMI 2.1, 1x DVI-D Storage: 1x M.2, 4x SATA 6Gbps Networking: 1GbE LAN, Wi-Fi 5 Rear USB: 4x USB 3.2 Gen1 (1x Type-C), 2x USB 2.0 Today's Best Deals Low Stock AU$349View at Nerdcore Computers Reasons to buy +Good value for money+Wi-Fi included+Ryzen 5000 support Reasons to avoid -Weak audio Advertisement AMD's budget Ryzen motherboard chipset, the A520, has largely slipped under the radar. While B350 and B450 motherboards were mainly regarded as entry-level, A320 was strictly seen as resolutely low-end. The introduction of B550 motherboards, and their associated move upward in price, left a big hole in the sub-$100 market. Enter the A520. If you're on a tighter budget and don't care about PCIe 4.0 or the overclocking support offered by B550, then the A520 motherboards might be exactly what you need. There's cheap, and there's cheap, but a decent A520 board can more or less do everything aboard at double the price can. Your next upgrade (Image credit: Future)Best CPU for gaming: the top chips from Intel and AMD Best graphics card: your perfect pixel-pusher awaits Best SSD for gaming: get into the game ahead of the rest Then there's the cherry on top, which supports AMD Ryzen 5000 series CPUs and Ryzen 4000 and 5000 APUs. Combine a Zen 3 CPU with a motherboard such as this ASRock A520M ITX/ac, and you'll be able to build an affordable and compact system that can beat a comparable Intel in any workload. The ASRock A520M's audio is a bit of a let-down, but that's something that budget boards often compromise on. A gamer listening to compressed audio assets in-game probably won't be any less immersed, but you can opt for an external DAC if you desire one later in life, anyways. The little ASRock A520M ITX/ac has it where it counts and will serve you well at the heart of a budget gaming system. It benefits from the strengths of the Ryzen platform and adds some future-proofing into the mix. ITX fans looking for a capable budget AMD Ryzen option should have this one on their shortlist. Read our full ASRock A520M ITX/ac review. Best AMD motherboard FAQ What should I consider when buying a motherboard? Aside from the type of chip you're getting—be that Intel or AMD—figure out how many M.2 slots and PCIe slots you need, as well as the number of USB ports that are acceptable to you. Of course, keep in mind the scale of your build. Is space no object? Then go with an ATX board. But if you're looking to create a mini PC, you'll need a good mini-ITX motherboard. Thankfully there are some great options, and not only at the high end. Here are some other options for the best gaming motherboards to check over. What is the best AMD motherboard chipset? The AMD X570 is the latest motherboard chipset for Ryzen 5000-series processors and has the most up-to-date features. It offers PCIe 4.0 support, dual-GPU configurations, and a wealth of tweaking and compatibility options. A newer version of this chipset is starting to appear, called the X570S, which removes the need for active fan cooling on the chipset itself, but is otherwise pretty much identical. Which socket is compatible with AMD Ryzen CPUs? There's a simple answer for this: AM4. That's the same socket for every AMD Ryzen processor to date. That is due to change with the release of Zen 4, though, where AM5 will be introduced. However, that's not expected until later this year. AMD says it will only change the socket when such a change is required, at least. It says that's primarily tied to the schedule of industry I/O technologies, many of which will be out of AMD's hands directly. Whether it builds out a new pin configuration and socket will depend on the features available on said platform and chip, which is how it's supposed to work. A single socket does not necessarily mean broad compatibility backward and forwards between Ryzen CPU generations, though. That's down to the chipset. Which motherboard chipset do I need for my AMD Ryzen CPU? Today's most relevant motherboards for a new CPU buyer are those equipped with the following chipsets: X570, B550, X470, and B450. The 'X' prefix denotes the high-end motherboards, while the 'B' indicates the close-run mid-range models. There's also the 'A' prefix for the entry-level, but these come usually strapped for features and are not that much cheaper than entry-level B450 boards—plenty of options. The 500-series chipsets are the latest to arrive, while the 400-series is generally a little older—not always, however, as Asus is still pumping out new B450 motherboards even today. Both technically support the latest Ryzen 5000-series and Ryzen 3000-series processors, but with some features missing within those packing older parts. The most notable of these omissions is PCIe 4.0 support for increased platform bandwidth—despite rumors, only 500-series motherboards are PCIe 4.0 ready.

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According to a joint security advisory published yesterday by US and UK cybersecurity and law enforcement agencies, a new malware called Cyclops Blink has surfaced to replace the VPNFilter malware attributed to the Sandworm group, which has always been seen as a Russian state-sponsored group. Cyclops Blink The alert issued by the Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and an analysis published by the UK’s National Cyber Security Center (NCSC) show Indicators of Compromise (IOCs) and Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) for this new malware. Cyclops Blink has primarily been deployed to networking hardware company WatchGuard’s devices. According to WatchGuard, Cyclops Blink may have affected approximately 1% of active firewall appliances, which are devices mainly used by business customers. Cyclops Blink has been found in WatchGuard’s firewall devices since at least June 2019. But the NCSC warns that it is likely that Sandworm is capable of compiling the same or very similar malware for other architectures and firmware. The attackers were able to infect their devices via a WatchGuard vulnerability that was patched in a May 2021 update. The analysis says Cyclops Blink malware also comes with modules specifically developed to upload/download files to and from its command and control server, collect and exfiltrate device information, and update the malware. The presence of a Cyclops Blink infection does not mean that an organization is the primary target, but its machines could be used to conduct attacks on others. Either way, it is in your best interest to disconnect and remediate any affected devices. Sandworm In light of world news, it’s important to note that the Sandworm group has been known to target Ukrainian companies and government agencies. They were held responsible for destroying entire Ukrainian networks, triggering blackouts by targeting electrical utilities in the Ukraine (BlackEnergy malware), and releasing the NotPetya malware. NotPetya is the name given to a later version of the Petya malware that began spreading rapidly, with infection sites focused in Ukraine, but from there it also spread across Europe and beyond. Among the latest attacks on Ukraine was a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack. Cyberattacks, such as DDoS attacks, fall under the traditional categories of sabotage, espionage and subversion. So far, we can see the results of these attacks as several of Ukraine’s bank and government department websites crashed, and earlier this week some 70 Ukrainian government websites underwent the same fate. As we learned from NotPetya, these attacks can spread around the world. NotPetya affected computer networks worldwide, targeting hospitals and medical facilities in the United States, and costing more than US$1 billion in losses. VPNFilter CISA and the NCSC both describe the Cyclops Blink malware as a successor to an earlier Sandworm tool known as VPNFilter, which infected half a million routers to form a global botnet before it was identified by Cisco and the FBI in 2018 and largely dismantled. It never fully disappeared, and the Sandworm group has since shown limited interest in existing VPNFilter footholds, instead preferring to retool. VPNFilter was deployed in stages, with most functionality in the third-stage modules. These modules enabled traffic manipulation, destruction of the infected host device, and likely enabled downstream devices to be exploited. Mitigation and detection WatchGuard firewall appliances are not at risk if they were never configured to allow unrestricted management access from the Internet which is the default setting for all WatchGuard’s physical firewall appliances. Internet access to the management interface of any device is a security risk. All WatchGuard appliances should be updated to the latest version of Fireware OS. When it comes to infected appliances, Cyclops Blink persists on reboot and throughout the legitimate firmware update process. So, affected organizations should take steps to remove the malware. WatchGuard customers and partners can eliminate the potential threat posed by malicious activity from the botnet by immediately enacting WatchGuard’s 4-Step Cyclops Blink Diagnosis and Remediation Plan. Owners of infected appliances will also need to update the passphrases for the Status and Admin device management accounts and replace any other secrets, credentials, and passphrases configured on the appliance. All accounts on infected devices should be assumed to be compromised. Heightened awareness of Cyclops Blink and other malware attacks that may be aimed at the Ukraine is required. This is true for everyone involved in cybersecurity by the way, not just owners of WatchGuard appliances. Author Nerdcore Australia

Macbook Air repairs Macbook Air service centre Repairs Fixed Price Flat Rate Fee for repair on all MacBook Air Repairs Our certified techs have over 15 years of experience in MacBook Air computer repairs. We can fix any MacBook Air hardware or software issue you are having with your MacBook Air laptop. We allow you to choose the flat rate fee of 350.00 Parts are not included. ​ Here is a list of common issues we can resolve for or flat rate: Common MacBook Air Hardware Issues: MacBook Air Broken or Dim Laptop Screen MacBook Air Computer repairs MacBook Air Logic Board Repairs MacBook Air Screen Issues Macbook Air Broken or non-working keyboard (this includes missing keys) MacBook Air Broken motherboad or AC adaptor port on the motherboard MacBook Air Battery won’t charge on the laptop anymore MacBook Air USB ports do not work on your laptop MacBook Air Laptop will not connect to the network or internet using network cable or wireless network MacBook Air Cosmetic issues including broken plastics and broken touchpad buttons MacBook Air Laptop will not turn on Macbook Air Laptop will not boot to Mac OS screen MacBook Air Hardware error messages and blue screens MacBook Air Laptop overheating and fan problems MacBook Air Hardware replacement for ANY parts (extra fees will incure for new parts) Common Software Issues: Macbook air Slow or sluggish inside MacOS MacBook Air Malware removal including Viruses, Spyware, and Rootkits MacBook Air MacOS Error Messages including Blue Screens MacBook Air Programs are not working properly MacBook Air Laptop will not connect to the internet or network MacBook Air Drivers are not loading correctly Macbook air isn’t updating like it should MacOS reinstallation MacBook Air repairs Macbook Air Repairs ​ ​ Our Flat-Rate repair fee will cover any hardware or software issue. Nerdcore MacBook Air Computers Repairs Service Centre in both Melbourne & Victoira. We are located in 3a Willesden Road Hughedsale Victoria, 3166 Don’t hesitate to give us a call or text if you have ANY questions! 1300637326

If your iMac doesn't seem to turn on after you've pressed the power button, follow these steps. Force your iMac to turn off and back on Your Mac may be turned on but appear to be turned off, even though it's connected to AC power and a working display. Follow these steps. Press and hold the power button on your Mac for at least 10 seconds, then release it. If your Mac is turned on, this will force it to turn off. If you haven't seen a change on your Mac, press and release the power button. If your Mac now turns on but stops at some other screen during startup, follow the steps for when your Mac doesn't start up all the way. Revive the firmware, if applicable If you're using a Mac with Apple silicon or a Mac with the Apple T2 Security Chip, in rare circumstances the firmware stored in your computer's memory might need to be revived or restored. To do that, you need these items: Another Mac with macOS Catalina 10.15.6 or later and the latest Apple Configurator app, available free of charge from the App Store. A USB-C to USB-C cable or USB-A to USB-C cable to connect the computers to each other. The cable must support both power and data. Thunderbolt 3 cables aren’t supported. Author Nerdcore Ring 1300nerdcore to speak to a recognized consultant.

WF-500 Unidirectional Security Gateways Waterfall Unidirectional Security Gateways enable safe IT/OT integration, secure remote access, and real-time industrial network monitoring. The gateways replace one layer of firewalls in an industrial network environment, providing industrial control systems with absolute protection from targeted attacks, secure enterprise-wide visibility and safe remote access. THE HARDWARE PROTECTS WHILE THE SOFTWARE CONNECTS Benefits Safe IT/OT Integration Seamless IT/OT network integration without introducing Internet-based cyber threats REDUCED DOWN-TIME Ensure operational continuity by preventing plant shut downs and damage to physical assets, and threats to the environment and to public safety PLUG-N-PLAY SOLUTION 100+ software connectors on the market, commercial off-the-shelf solutions STRONGER THAN FIREWALLS An evolutionary alternative to firewalls in a strong preventative cybersecurity program for Industrial Control Systems IMPASSABLE PHYSICAL BARRIER Unidirectional Gateways include both hardware which protects absolutely from cyber attacks, and software which provides enterprise-wide coverage for OT visibility FEATURES Hardware is modular, flexible, and user-serviceble 1Gbps standard throughput, higher throughput options available Optional HA configuration (high- availability) Front panel connections simplify security audits Wide variety of COTS software connectors Flexible connector hosting on Windows, Linux and other operating systems

Computer Security Services Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks. These cyberattacks are usually aimed at accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users; or interrupting normal business processes. Implementing effective cybersecurity measures is particularly challenging today because there are more devices than people, and attackers are becoming more innovative. What is cybersecurity all about? A successful cybersecurity approach has multiple layers of protection spread across the computers, networks, programs, or data that one intends to keep safe. In an organization, the people, processes, and technology must all complement one another to create an effective defense from cyber attacks. A unified threat management system can automate integrations across select Cisco Security products and accelerate key security operations functions: detection, investigation, and remediation. People Users must understand and comply with basic data security principles like choosing strong passwords, being wary of attachments in email, and backing up data. Learn more about basic cybersecurity principles. Processes Organizations must have a framework for how they deal with both attempted and successful cyber attacks. One well-respected framework can guide you. It explains how you can identify attacks, protect systems, detect and respond to threats, and recover from successful attacks. Watch a video explanation of the NIST cybersecurity framework Technology Technology is essential to giving organizations and individuals the computer security tools needed to protect themselves from cyber attacks. Three main entities must be protected: endpoint devices like computers, smart devices, and routers; networks; and the cloud. Common technology used to protect these entities include next-generation firewalls, DNS filtering, malware protection, antivirus software, and email security solutions. Why is cybersecurity important? In today’s connected world, everyone benefits from advanced cyber defense programs. At an individual level, a cybersecurity attack can result in everything from identity theft, to extortion attempts, to the loss of important data like family photos. Everyone relies on critical infrastructure like power plants, hospitals, and financial service companies. Securing these and other organizations is essential to keeping our society functioning. Everyone also benefits from the work of cyberthreat researchers, like the team of 250 threat researchers at Talos, who investigate new and emerging threats and cyber attack strategies. They reveal new vulnerabilities, educate the public on the importance of cybersecurity, and strengthen open source tools. Their work makes the Internet safer for everyone. Types of cybersecurity threats Phishing Phishing is the practice of sending fraudulent emails that resemble emails from reputable sources. The aim is to steal sensitive data like credit card numbers and login information. It’s the most common type of cyber attack. You can help protect yourself through education or a technology solution that filters malicious emails. Email Security Solution | Email Security free trial Ransomware Ransomware is a type of malicious software. It is designed to extort money by blocking access to files or the computer system until the ransom is paid. Paying the ransom does not guarantee that the files will be recovered or the system restored. Malware Malware is a type of software designed to gain unauthorized access or to cause damage to a computer. Social engineering Social engineering is a tactic that adversaries use to trick you into revealing sensitive information. They can solicit a monetary payment or gain access to your confidential data. Social engineering can be combined with any of the threats listed above to make you more likely to click on links, download malware, or trust a malicious source. Learn more about social engineering tactics. Ring 1300nerdcore to speak with a senior consultant. Author Nerdcore Australia

Barracuda Email Security Gateway 600 Provides Inbound/Outbound Filtering and Data Leak Prevention will help eliminate those spam emails that are congesting your network. It can free up data traffic that is coming into your network that is not relevant to you. The Barracuda Email Security Gateway is an email security gateway that manages and filters all inbound and outbound email traffic to protect organizations from email-borne threats and data leaks. As a complete email management solution, the Barracuda Email Security Gateway lets organizations encrypt messages and leverage the cloud to spool email if mail servers become unavailable. The Barracuda Email Security Gateway is offered without per-user or per-feature fees, and is also available as a virtual appliance or in a public cloud environment (Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, or VMware vCloud Air). Protect Against Email-Borne Threats With the Barracuda Email Security Gateway, protecting against inbound malware, spam, phishing, and Denial of Service attacks ensures that business productivity isn’t impacted by attacks through the email system. Powerful and customizable policies enable further enforcement of detailed requirements that govern inbound email messages. Key Features: Spam Protection, Virus Protection, Denial of Service (DoS) Attack Protection Stop Threats before They Hit the Network Offload CPU-intensive tasks like antivirus and DDoS filtering to the cloud reduces the processing load on the appliance and to ensure that threats never reach the network perimeter. The Barracuda Email Security Gateway is integrated with a cloud-based service that pre-filters email before delivery to the onsite Barracuda Email Security Gateway, which performs further inbound security checks and outbound filtering. Key Features: Spam and Virus Pre-Filtering Ensure Continuous Email Availability Email is a critical vehicle in today’s business world, therefore a failure of the email server can significantly limit business operations. With the Cloud Protection Layer, bundled free of charge with the Barracuda Email Security Gateway, email is spooled for up to 96 hours, with an option to re-direct traffic to a secondary server. Key Features: Email Spooling Protect Sensitive Data Leverage powerful encryption technology to ensure that sensitive data cannot be viewed by outside parties. Outbound filtering and quarantine capabilities certify that every outbound email complies with corporate DLP policies. Key Features: Encryption, Outbound Filtering Simplify Email Security Simple and easy to deploy configurations on the Barracuda Email Security Gateway guarantee that customized email protection is in place in a matter of minutes. Cloud-based centralized management enhances day-to-day workflow and is included with no additional fees. The affordable, all-inclusive pricing model has no per-user fees, minimizing the investment in securing your email infrastructure. Key Features: Cloud-Based Central Management, Simple Pricing Ring 1300637326 to speak to a recognized consultant. Author nerdcore computers

Firewall security measures are one of the most basic cyber protection tools that Australian Companies of all sizes use to prevent data breaches and hacking. Network security firewalls filter out incoming traffic to prevent any serious malicious files from being downloaded and block hijackers & attackers from accessing sensitive company information systems. There are many types of firewalls used in today's security architectures. Unfortunately, cybercriminals have heaps of experience in circumventing them as well. Many hijackers attackers know how to break a secured firewall and some insider threats can bypass them entirely. What are firewalls useful for? if they can be breached? When aren’t firewalls useful? How does firewall hacking work? Most importantly, what can you do to protect against hijackers hackers and the threats they pose to you entire company network firewall security systems? How Are Firewalls Useful in Ensuring Network Security? As i said earlier, network security firewalls are useful as a kind of filter for incoming network traffic from all over the world. These firewalls sit on the perimeter of your network, (internet Connection-Server Services- Common hadrware scanning equipment can scan incoming data packets for potential issues that could indicate a cyber threat. The specific way that these firewalls look for malicious data packets varies based on the firewall’s type. For example, a simple packet-filtering firewall might just check the basic destination/origin metadata for an incoming packet without looking at the packet’s contents. The actual file type an if the file meets a encryption code but meanwhile, circuit-level gateway firewalls might check the packet’s handshake protocols (again, without inspecting the actual data in the packet). Deep-layer inspection firewalls look at the contents of the data packet to check for malware and other issues, which is better for finding malware code that might penetrate your network firewall settings, but has a higher resource draw to match. When installed as a perimeter filter on the network, firewall security tools of all types can be instrumental for keeping casual intrusion attempts from succeeding. When installed on individual network security endpoints, firewalls can create strong internal segmentation that helps to slow down attackers that are already on the network (such as when insider attacks happen). What Do Firewall Security Tools Protect Against? Different types of firewalls will provide protection against different things. Some of the things that firewall security tools can protect against included are: Malware Insertion. Deep packet inspection firewalls can be enormously useful for identifying and stopping malware code installation attempts from outside sources. for example a file that is disguised as a simple file might be more that just this. It could be a complex script with malicious code to crack your network security Insider Attacks. When network firewalls are installed on a per-app and/or per-endpoint basis, they create a defense in depth strategy that helps limit the spread of attacks that breach the perimeter—including insider attacks. Data Exfiltration. Firewalls can check more than just incoming traffic. By checking outgoing traffic for suspicious activity (such as trying to export sensitive data to an outside server), perimeter firewalls can help detect and prevent data exfiltration from an advanced persistent threat (APT). The best way that hackers use to bypass this method is to step over the firewall an encrypt your data an then send it back over to the other side. No firewall can detect this intrusion. It’s important to note that these are just a few examples of the types of threats that network security firewalls can help to prevent. However, each of these use cases requires a specific type of firewall setup—and none are immune to firewall bypassing techniques. What Can’t a Firewall Protect Against? While useful as a basic cybersecurity measure, network firewall security tools can't stop everything. As a matter of fact, attackers have spent years figuring out ways to bypass network and device-based firewalls entirely by using clever tactics or exploits. Some examples of things that firewalls can’t protect against (at least, not 100%) include: Phishing Attacks In most small to large companies here in Australia, people are the weakest links in the cybersecurity chain—and cybercriminals know this. So, they launch phishing attacks against people in your network that use emails or social media to trick people into downloading malware, approving fake invoices, or surrendering sensitive data. This way is just the hardest but sometimes the easiest way because the end user doesnt have a clue of any security protocal to say the least even telstra an the large companies dont train the every staff member not to open suspicious emails. But you cant fool that nerd who sits at his desk 24 hours a day 7 days a week scanning every packet that comes through. Malicious Use of Authorized Accounts/Devices Most firewalls are configured to defend against outside threats. Thus, they often aren’t ready to guard against someone using a legitimate user account and/or pre-registered access device in a malicious manner. Internal firewalls can help curtail this, but they need to be carefully configured to stop malicious use while still allowing legitimate traffic to proceed unimpeded. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks DDoS attacks seek to overwhelm cybersecurity defenses via sheer weight of volume (or by leveraging certain exploits to overload target systems). While some firewalls can efficiently drop traffic without overly impacting network performance, others might actually make DDoS attacks worse by trying to scrutinize every data packet in detail. In either case, firewall security measures can only do so much in the face of an attack designed to overload their capabilities. Unknown Exploits/Vulnerabilities If there are previously-unknown exploits and vulnerabilities in either the firewall or the network assets it’s protecting, then attackers may be able to use them to breach the network. This is why vulnerability testing and management is so crucial to cybersecurity. Direct Physical Access If a cybercriminal can walk straight up to a computer, server, or data storage drive and take it, no amount of network security firewall solutions will ever be enough to protect your information. So, to answer the question: “Can firewalls be hacked?” the short answer is: “yes.” Unfortunately, there are all too many cybercriminals who know how to hack a firewall or how to bypass it entirely to achieve their objectives. How to Protect Against Firewall Bypassing Attacks While there are plenty of firewall hacking or bypassing tricks that cybercriminals can use to break or get past your network firewalls, that doesn’t mean you’re completely helpless and that you shouldn’t bother. Instead, it’s important to recognize the risks you face and to take proactive measures to limit them. Although there is no fool proof solution that will 100% guarantee that you’ll never face a cybersecurity breach, there are some things that you can do to manage your vulnerabilities and risk. Some specific things you can do to limit your risk include: We recommend REDHAT firewall solutions some of the best security protocols till today are developed here. Click Here Using Multiple Firewall Solutions at Different Levels No one firewall, no matter how robust, will ever be proof against all attacks. So, when creating a defense in depth strategy that segments your network and apps, consider using multiple firewall solutions so the same exploits and vulnerabilities won’t work against all of your network firewalls. Stay on Top of Security Patches/Updates Many attacks leverage known vulnerabilities in popular software and security tools. These vulnerabilities frequently have security patches that fix the issue, but many organizations are behind schedule on applying them (which leaves the organization vulnerable). By applying security patches to your hacker protection software, you can keep cybercriminals out more easily. Set Strong Password Policies and Multifactor Authentication Hijacked user accounts are a common tool for attackers to bypass firewall security tools. So, making it harder to steal and use account credentials can help limit the risk of a breach. Setting strong password policies (8+ characters long, use case-sensitive letters, adding special characters, etc.) and applying multifactor authentication can help prevent account hijacking. Regularly Running Penetration Tests Penetration testing can help identify previously-unknown security vulnerabilities in the apps and firewalls that your organization uses. Once discovered, you can start taking steps to close these security gaps (hopefully before an attacker can use them). Some common measures include applying custom patches to software code and firewall rules, or replacing the vulnerable solution with something that is better-protected. These are just a few of the potential fixes for the different ways that hackers can bypass firewall security. Need help optimizing your cybersecurity strategy? Reach out to the Nerdcore Australia team today! Author nerdcore Australia

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How To Identify A Cyber Attack and 25 Things You Can Do To Recover A real cyber attack often sounds like something out of a Bollywood heat film. But it’s not always Jack Efron hacking into the mainframe and it’s usually not for some complicated revenge story. Actually the fact says, it’s more likely to be the inverse of that. It usually looks something like someone sending out hundreds and thousands of Virus phishing links. They’re having to rely on the fact that eventually someone will click on one of these links and become victim to massive cyber attack. And Therefore, regardless of your job position, industry and scale of your business, there’s always a risk of a cyber attack targeting your own personal business. In fact, depending upon the industry you’re in, you may be at higher risk than others. Organisations in our healthcare industry right here in Australia backyard are targeted significantly more than any other industries, which is reflected both in the 2021 Nerdcore report (and reports preceding this, too) and consistent with worldwide statistics. So, it’s also important to consider if you’re in a more vulnerable position based on your industry. However, at the end of the month, if you’ve been a business targeted with an attack there’s only one thing to do. And, unfortunately, that’s not pretend it hasn’t happened. You’ve got to respond straight away and move forward. Possibly even zappefied. Maybe you were prepared. Maybe not. Either way, now you find yourself needing to take action and respond to it. In fact, it’s quite possible that you weren’t even aware of the cyber attack immediately. Or for some time after. What is a Cyber Attack? In short, a cyber attack is the deliberate exploitation of a computer system or network. For example, a hacker may use malicious code to exploit a vulnerability in the system. This code is designed to execute a command that leads to a disruption in the natural sequence of events. As a result, the target ends up with compromised or stolen data. This can then be used for various cyber crimes. To sum up, a cyber attack could leave you with a number of results that affect you negatively. That is to say, you could be subject to anything from identity theft or fraud, to ransomware, stolen data, malware attacks, IP theft, website defacement and more. For more information on security in general please check out our Nerdcore Cyber Security Guide. Who Is At Risk Of A Cyber Attack And Why? At first glance it may seem counter-intuitive. But more than anyone else, small businesses need to be wary of cyber attacks. Small businesses present a tantalising target for attackers for a few reasons. Small-to-medium businesses (SMBs) are less likely to have stringent security measures and appropriate incident response plans in place. Therefore, attackers find SMBs far easier to infiltrate and exploit. Additionally, they often don’t have the means to defend or recover from an attack easily, so they’ll cough up the dough in a ransomware attack just to get their data back. The cost of a data breach is significantly more than most realise, and the financial hit is a huge one that many small businesses may not recover from. So, as they say, prevention is better than cure. Above all, attackers are looking for two factors in a victim. Firstly, ease of access. Secondly, the potential reward. Small businesses often check that first box with minimal cyber security measures. Furthermore, depending on the type of business, the data onboard may be ultra juicy and worth quite a bit financially. So, they may sell the information to other malicious parties, or hold the data hostage for a significant ransom. Don’t make it easy for them! Nine Cyber Attacks To Watch Out For 1. My Email Account Was Hacked What Signs Do I Look For? Here are some signs that your email account has been hacked. Look for the following: Your password has changed There’s unusual inbox activity (check sent mail, read messages, no incoming emails) You’ve received password reset emails from other sites Account access from unexpected IP address/s (your email provider usually records this information) has occured Your email contacts (whether within or outside of your business) let you know that they have received strange emails from you How Did This Happen? Email hacks usually occur by one of the following methods of attack: A password hack or brute force cyber attack Social engineering Phishing email What Do I Do Now? Follow Recovery Follow Up Steps: 9, 20, 23 2. System Account Details Are Compromised What Signs Do I Look For? Your computer speed has slowed down significantly Your security software has been disabled or compromised Software or browser add-ons appear that you don’t recognise Additional pop-ups are happening Random shutdowns and restarts are happening You’ve lost access to your account How Did This Happen? Your email was hacked/compromised and used to access another account Phishing Password hack Man In The Middle Watering Hole Cyber Attack Unpatched Software What Do I Do Now? Follow Recovery Steps: 1 — 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 18, 21 Follow Up Steps: 9, 20, 22, 23 3. My Online Storage Account Was Hacked What Signs Do I Look For? Some examples of online storage accounts include DropBox, Google Drive, OneDrive, and iCloud. Your site suddenly has content that shouldn’t be there You cannot access your account Files are missing/altered There’s unusual outbound network traffic You’re being notified of unexpected access locations and logins A large number of requests for the same object/file have been received Suspicious admin activity (see the previous attack) Excessive read operations (someone is trying to gather data) Contacts are receiving emails with files/links to open (make sure they don’t open them!) How Did This Happen? System account was compromised Phishing Social engineering cyber attack What do I do now? Follow Recovery Steps: 1 — 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16 Follow Up Steps: 19, 20, 22, 23 4. I Received a Blackmail Email Demand What Signs Do I Look For? An email stating that they have incriminating evidence on you (this may or may not be a bluff) An email may claim they have accessed your password through a keylogger They threaten to expose you to your contacts They make a demand for payment (most likely in BitCoin) How Did This Happen? Phishing attack Ransomware download Your account was involved in another data breach What Do I Do Now? Follow Recovery Steps: 1 — 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 19 Follow Up Steps: 9, 20, 22, 23 5. My Social Media Has Been Hacked What Signs Do I Look For? Changes to your follower count Friend or contact requests you didn’t make Duplicate accounts requesting your friends/contacts Posts that you did not make Old posts suddenly deleted Password has been changed Notification that your account was accessed from a new location/device How Did This Happen? Phishing email appearing to be from Facebook/other social media website Sneaky social media apps Malicious link within Facebook/Twitter What Do I Do Now? Follow Recovery Steps: 1 — 6, 7, 15 Follow Up Steps: 20 6. Our Network Has Been Attacked What Signs Do I Look For? Your files and/or server has been encrypted Network becomes very sluggish/slow Your data usage is unusually high Programs are continually crashing You received a ransomware message Computers are functioning without local input How Did This Happen? Ransomware Malware attack via phishing Rogue software Physical access Social engineering What Do I Do Now? Follow Recovery Steps: 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, (17 if required) Follow Up Steps: 9, 20, 21, 22, 23 7. There’s Been a Fraudulent Financial Transaction What Signs Do I Look For? Money has been transferred to the wrong account Account deductions that you didn’t authorise Suspiciously large orders that don’t match usual order activity Unexpected invoices that have not been verified Large payments not arriving despite remuneration advice Advice to change address or bank details without the appropriate cross-checks How Did This Happen? High ranking accounts compromised ― submitting payment requests to the accounts department. An example of this is hackers posing as the director, requesting accounts to submit a payment to X account Man in the Middle (posed as a financial institution) Invoice details were changed through a compromised system account (eg Xero, MYOB account, or accounting system login) Payroll/AR/AP has been hacked via phishing, social engineering, or malware What Do I Do Now? Follow Recovery Steps: 1 — 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 24 Follow Up Steps: 9, 20, 21, 22, 23 8. We Got Infected With A Malware Cyber Attack What Signs Do I Look For? Excessively slow computer processing Programs opening and closing automatically Lack of storage space New programs/add-ons that you did not install Security software disabled Excessive popups Browser keeps redirecting sites How Did This Happen? Phishing Rogue software Opening or executing a malicious file (either by email or removable media) Insufficient firewall protection You allowed a program to install bundled add-ons Unpatched software/operating system What Do I Do Now? Follow Recovery Steps: 8, 18, 13, 15, 19, Follow Up Steps: 9, 20, 21, 22, 23 9. I Received a Suspicious Phone Call What Signs Do I Look For? You’re being offered money or a free product that you didn’t enter to win (reminder: if it seems too good to be true, it usually is!) Any call that claims to have detected viruses or infections on your computer Calls that claim you owe taxes or other government payments If the caller deflects or refuses to answer your questions The caller is pushing you to make an immediate financial decision The caller is threatening deportation or arrest How Did This Happen? You submitted information somewhere that sold your information to a third-party For example, you entered a raffle or sweepstakes, or signed a petition You recently signed up for a service or website Social media ― your profile may be too public, and scammers used public information against you What Do I Do Now? Follow Recovery Steps: 1, 6, 11, 25, 13 Follow Up Steps: 20, 23 Cyber Attack Recovery Steps 1. If you still have access to the account, immediately change your password to something more secure A tip for creating a secure (yet memorable) password, is to create a phrase or selection of random words together. Something like Grass Silver Calculator Seven is a random combination of words that is simple enough to remember but difficult to guess. Google has a good guide here for creating a strong password. 2. Update your recovery contact information Setting Up Recovery Information for Google Recovery Information and Account Security for Microsoft 3. Advise your email contacts so they know to question suspicious emails Just a tip ― it’s best to do this in another medium other than email so they don’t get mixed up with the suspicious emails! Contact your contacts by phone, or even put out a social media blast. 4. Change your security question/s Change Your Security Questions for Apple Tips for Creating a Good Security Question 5. Configure your email settings (attackers might add a rule to forward all emails to another address) Changing Gmail Settings Changing Outlook Settings 6. Any other accounts with the same password should also be updated Use the site Have I Been Pwned to see if your password has been compromised, or here for any compromised email addresses. 7. Enable multi-factor authentication. Services like Gmail already offer this Setting up multi-factor for Office 365 Set up 2-step verification for G Suite 8. Perform a security scan for malware removal If you don’t have a tool for this already, here are some great anti-malware programs to get you started: BitDefender AVG AntiVirus Malwarebytes 9. If you haven’t already, implement the ‘Essential Eight’ as laid out by the ACSC The ‘essential eight’ is easy to remember and an effective list of strategies you can use to reduce your risk of attack. We’ve given an overview of these steps here in an easy-to-read format. These are a must-do, regardless of if you have had a cyber attack. 10. Do not engage the blackmailer Some great steps to take when confronted with cyber blackmail. Example of a real cyber blackmail attack 11. Notify ACORN of the cyber attack ACORN (Australian Cybercrime Online Reporting Network) is the Australian resource and body for reporting any cyber attacks you may experience. ACORN will evaluate your crime report and can direct your case to relevant law enforcement. 12. Call your financial institution and freeze the account/s Tips for bank security and fraud prevention Detecting fraud within your account 13. Communicate with your team, and keep them in the loop Ensure you have open communication channels with your team Be honest with your team about where things stand Keep them informed so they know to be on high alert Schedule a meeting to inform them in person, as mass emails can often go unread 14. Notify the OAIC if you need to comply with the NDBS after a cyber attack Form to submit a report for Notifiable Data Breach Understanding what constitutes a NDB and do you have to comply? 15. Notify any affected users The OAIC has a guide on how to go about notifying affected users 16. Follow your Business Continuity Plan If you don’t have a business continuity plan, make one now What’s in a BCP? Business Continuity Plan Template 17. Restore from a back-up Schedule regular backups for your system and keep them stored safely. Back up for Windows Talk to your IT Managed Repairs provider about ongoing backups for your network 18. Isolate the infected site (disconnect endpoints and server from rest of the network) Your security protection software should have a guide for doing this (e.g. Symantec ATP) Consult your IT managed services provider about containing the malware infection 19. Call Nerdcore IT security professionals for specialised assistance If you don’t have someone on board for IT Managed Services then find a reputable team to assist you with your current issue Then look at implementing IT managed services for your business to prevent the issue in future 20. Refresh your cyber security training for yourself and your team A good IT services team will offer this as a service to your business Utilise online resources to build your cyber security knowledge 21. Review monitoring systems to identify and understand how the threat entered If you have an IT managed repair provider; they will do this for you Some network monitoring tools: Spiceworks, Pulseway, Atera 22. Document the process from identification, to containment and recovery This provides valuable learning information for future events and can be used to improve your Business Continuity Plan. Take note of how the threat entered, how it was managed and what can be done better next time 23. Consider employing an IT managed repairs company to perform network monitoring and manage your cyber security 24. Report the Cyber Security Incident to ACSC Submit a report here Reporting to the ACSC helps them identify greater patterns of cyber attacks and developing new policies 25. Report the scam to ACCC Submit a report here Reporting to the ACCC means they can advise the community about new or unheard of scams. Author Nercdore Australia

How to enable TPM 2.0 in Windows 11 If you haven't already, now's the time to download Microsoft's PC Health Check app to check if your system is eligible to upgrade to Windows 11. If you're being denied entry, it's worth noting that you may already have TPM 2.0 on your system and you just need to enable it. To check your TPM version and enable it, press Win+R, then paste tpm.msc in the box, and hit Enter. In the Trusted Platform Module Management window, check the Specification version. If you have version 2.0 but the Status is telling you it isn't ready, simply click Prepare the TPM under Actions, at the top of the righthand sidebar. That should enable the TPM almost instantly, and you'll now be ready to install Windows 11 or upgrade from your Windows Update menu. As long as the version showing is TPM 1.2 you can follow the steps below to get Windows 11 working anyway—and thankfully that will cover a lot more machines than TPM 2.0 does. A simple tweak to bypass Windows 11's TPM 2.0 requirement While the first unofficial TPM bypasses involved downloading software from Github, the one Microsoft itself dished out is fairly simple. Just press Windows+R, and type regedit to get the Registry Editor up. From there, navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup\MoSetup from the top bar, and right-click the main panel, selecting create a new DWORD (32-bit) Value. You need to create The MoSetup folder after the setup. Then inside the MOsetup folder you create the Dword an add the value to 1. Call it AllowUpgradesWithUnsupportedTPMOrCPU and set its value to 1. Simple. Congratulations: you're now eligible for the Windows 11 upgrade. Author Nerdcore Computers

Spam Filtering on your cPanel Login#: Everything You Need To Know About SpamAssassin Spam is a huge challenge for anyone who hosts email, even though users only see a tiny fraction of the spam they’re sent. Most unwanted messages never reach inboxes, but an incredible 54 percent of all email traffic is spam, and that’s down from 70 percent a decade ago. The good thing is ISPs and hosting providers are better at stamping out spammers, and users are more aware of the risks. Still, hundreds of billions of messages are sent every year by automated botnets that collect email addresses, compromise servers, and bombard users with malicious advertising and phishing attacks. If you host email, you need a way to identify and filter unwanted messages, and cPanel integrates one of the most sophisticated filtering tools available. Apache SpamAssassin flags spam to remove it before it gets to users. To make sure we understand how it works, let’s take a close look at what SpamAssassin is, how it works, and the best settings for SpamAssassin in cPanel. What Is SpamAssassin and How Does It Work? We all receive spam and can recognize what it is right away. We know what it looks like, and, usually, alarm bells start ringing in our minds even if we can’t say precisely why. When that happens, we’re pattern-matching: our brains have learned to associate specific words, phrases, typography, and grammar with unwanted email. SpamAssassin works in the same way but on a much bigger scale. It looks for patterns that are common in unwanted email and, if a message matches lots of patterns, tells us that it’s probably not something you want to see. Email filtering isn’t an exact science. Language is complex; the definition of “unwanted email” changes depending on the context, and spammers try to hide their real goal. However, the software has been refined over many years with hundreds of sophisticated tests that can identify junk mail with great accuracy. Phrase and language tests — These encode a language pattern that indicates whether a message is more or less likely to be spam. For example, there are tests for long runs of text in capital letters, commonly promoted products, or words such as “money” or “win.” There are even tests to find out whether a sender has used red-flag words but tried to disguise them. Online databases — Online databases store examples of messages flagged by users and email hosts. For example, the Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse hosts patterns matching bulk emails. DNS blocklists (DNSBLs) — These are online lists that software can query to see if a message comes from a known source of junk email. SpamAssassin supports several free blocklists by default, including Mailspike and SpamHaus. SpamAssassin ships with around 1,000 tests and each email message is subjected to about 600 or more individual tests. What is the SpamAssassin Score? The SpamAssassin score tells us how likely an email is to be spam. Each test has a number associated with it, often a small number like 0.1 or –0.2. As messages are analyzed, the software keeps a running total, adding the individual test results to produce a combined score. The lower the score, the more likely a message is legitimate. If a message scores ten, it is definitely spam. If it’s a three, it has some of the qualities of junk mail, but the software is less confident. It’s important to understand the SpamAssassin score because you can use it to configure email filtering sensitivity in cPanel, as we’ll talk about in the next section. The Best Settings for SpamAssassin in cPanel SpamAssassin is fully integrated into the cPanel interface, and you can tweak its settings to get exactly the right spam filtering functionality for your users. To configure it, select Spam Filters in the Email section of the cPanel Home interface. The first setting on the Spam Filters overview page is “Process New Emails and Mark them as Spam.” This is the switch that turns email testing on and off. When it is on, SpamAssassin marks high-scoring emails by inserting ***SPAM*** into the message’s header. Configure the SpamAssassin Threshold Score Just below “Process New Emails” is the Spam Threshold Score setting. Earlier, we said that SpamAssassin generates a score by adding up the results of many tests. The Threshold lets cPanel users configure the score above which the software considers a message to be spammy. For example, if you set the Spam Threshold Score to two, the software flags any email with a score above two. A low threshold leads to very sensitive filtering, and will likely cause non-spam messages to be flagged (false positives). In contrast, a threshold of ten is permissive; non-spam isn’t flagged, but some unwanted messages will make it through (false negatives). The default setting is five, which is a good balance between sensitivity and too many false positives. When the Spam Box is activated, flagged messages are moved to a separate folder. Unwanted email is kept out of the inbox, but saved so that you can review it and move any incorrectly identified messages. For the typical user, the Spam Box should be turned on unless you have another method of filtering legitimate messages. Configure SpamAssassin Auto-Delete The next setting, Auto-Delete, does exactly what you expect it to. When it’s activated, flagged messages are deleted immediately. Auto-Delete does not use the Spam Threshold Score; it works with an independent Auto-Delete Threshold Score so that you can set different thresholds for identification and deletion. You cannot recover a message after it is deleted. For most users, we recommend the Spam Box instead of Auto-Deletion because it allows you to review messages to see if they are incorrectly flagged. Advanced cPanel Spam Filter Settings Click on “Show Additional Configurations” to reveal advanced settings. These settings are rarely changed, but you may find whitelists and blacklists useful. (Note that these terms are likely to change in the future to make them more inclusive.) The whitelist is a list of email senders that are always allowed through the filter even if their messages are flagged. The blacklist is the opposite; messages from senders on the blacklist are prevented from entering inboxes. To add a sender to the whitelist, select ‘Add A New ”whitelist_from“ Item’ and enter a sender email address. You can use wildcards such as “?” to match any character and “*” for multiple characters. The final setting, “Calculated Spam Score,” allows you to change the score associated with a test. Advanced users should only use this setting. SpamAssassin developers calibrate scores, and changing them is likely to have unpredictable side effects. For most users, configuring SpamAssassin is as simple as activating it and choosing whether to use the Spam Box or Auto-Delete. You may need to adjust the default Threshold Score to suit your email hosting scenario, but once that’s done, SpamAssassin will work in the background to ensure that spam ends up where it belongs. Any company that is flooded with hundreds of spam messages each day, and thousands per week, is in danger of being compromised. The risk of exposing your email addresses or compromising your servers is one that is not worth the fallout. Identifying and filtering unwanted messages requires greater security tools like Apache SpamAssassin which is specifically designed to identify spam before it gets where you don’t want it to go. Author Nerdcore Computers

Back to School Deals. Price Beat Guarantee. At nerdcore computers we have some great technology deals for back to school students. Buy any laptop from our service company an have the team setup it up for free at your home. High Schools In high schools, student start to choose subject specific to their interests and require a device that caters to them. laptops an tablets that can be used to create art, make music, write code an run apps are essential for high school students as they develop their digital skills. Primary School In Primary School, students begin developing digital literacy skills while having fun. Tablets with stylus pens are an excellent introductory device to let primary school students explore their creativity and enjoy discovering new ways of learning online. University In University, students are using their devices for more than just studying. Activities such as streaming music, watching videos, shopping online and browsing the web along with strong university assignments, require a device that has ample storage and powerful processor to keep up. School tech sorted in 3 easy steps Do your kids need to bring their own device to high school next year? Your search just got easier at Nerdcore Australia. We’ve done our homework on what are the standard specs schools are recommending, and in just a few clicks, we’ll give you our top three recommendations to suit your school’s requirements. No matter which one you choose, it’ll be the right fit for school and at a great low price too. And if you find a lower priced identical stocked item, we’ll beat it by 5% as part of our Price Beat Guarantee.¹Which means it’s never been easier. How it works Select your school and grade - speak to a nerdcore agent ring 1300637326 Select your child’s high school and year level and we’ll present you with the 3 best device options for your school’s requirements. Compare and select Our expert tips will help you compare and select the right device, including accessories and add-on services your school may recommend. Check-out over the phone or come visit our office at 3a Willesden Road Hughesdale Victoria. All that’s left to do is check-out online or bring your options in-store to chat through with one of our team members. Your best options We’ve checked the specs of thousands of high schools to present you with the 3 best options matched to your school. Your school suggests or requires When your school suggests a tech item or service to support a student’s learning, we let you know – look for the ticks. Good for Specialised subjects On top of your school’s required specs, our ‘Good For’ guide helps navigate any additional features that may be good for specialised subjects or video streaming on weekends. Team member advice at your local store Still not sure about which device option to go for? Simply head into our store and chat with one of our team members. Address 3A Willesden Road Hughesdale Victoria 3166

While the past 20 months have been challenging for all organizations, I don’t know any that have been hit harder than small businesses. They’ve had to adapt nearly every aspect of how they operate and work with customers, often without access to critical tools and technologies. The world isn’t going back to the “old” way of working, so small businesses need solutions that are designed specifically for their unique needs to thrive in this new normal. Today we’re excited to introduce Microsoft Teams Essentials. It’s the first standalone offering of Microsoft Teams designed specifically with small businesses in mind. It brings together features small businesses need to serve customers, including unlimited group video calls for up to 30 hours, group chat, file sharing, and calendaring. And at only $4 USD per user per month, it’s the most affordable all-in-one solution in the market today. Teams Essentials is built for small businesses With Teams Essentials, small businesses from restaurants to retailers to professional services can easily meet, collaborate, communicate, and serve customers in new ways. Take Bristol Dental Specialists, a United Kingdom-based practice that began using Teams last year. From virtual consultations to collaboration with colleagues, the Bristol team delivers faster, friendlier, and more cost-effective patient care with Teams. “Communication is so important, and with Teams, we’re working together better than ever to provide patients with a standard of care that sets us apart.”—Rebecca Metcalfe, Senior Treatment Coordinator, Bristol Dental Specialists The need for affordable communications tools isn’t limited to traditional for-profit small businesses. Nonprofits, religious organizations, schools, and community groups also struggle to connect and collaborate effectively. These organizations and small businesses need to get up and running fast, and Teams Essentials makes it possible with no IT expertise necessary. Teams Essentials enables those with and without a Teams account to participate easily and effectively. While the free version of Microsoft Teams is still available, Teams Essentials offers extended limits like longer meetings and more storage. Let’s take a closer look at how Teams Essentials can support your needs. Expansive meeting limits and easy-to-use features let you host professional meetings Working closely with customers and partners can be a challenge for any business without the right communication tools. Teams Essentials brings existing Teams capabilities together with features specifically designed for small businesses and community groups: Extended meeting times—With meetings that can last up to 30 hours, there’s no need to worry about your Teams Essentials meeting running over its time limit, whether you’re meeting one-on-one or in a group. Large meeting capacity—With the ability to host up to 300 people at once, Teams Essentials offers the ability to bring everyone into the same virtual room. Calendar integration—In addition to integration with Outlook Calendar, the new Google Calendar integration in Microsoft Teams means you can use your existing calendaring tool to stay on top of schedules and manage your meetings. *Google Calendar integration coming soon. Simple, easy invitations—Inviting people to a meeting is easy. Simply add them to the Teams meeting invitation using their email address. They will receive a meeting invitation with a link to join. And if they don’t have Teams, the meeting will open directly in their browser. No sign-up, sign-in, or installation required. Interactive meetings—Professional meeting tools and capabilities like meeting lobby, virtual backgrounds, Together mode, live closed captions, live reactions, and more allow any organization to host engaging meetings. With the ability to connect existing tools and store content in one place, it’s easy to stay organized Teams Essentials simplifies communications for small businesses and community groups with a single solution for chat and meetings—saving time, and most importantly, keeping meetings and conversations in context. It includes tools to work effectively with anyone, including Office web apps, file sharing, group chats, task management, and more. Additional cloud storage—Don’t worry about running out of storage or wasting time searching for documents. Easily co-author, view, edit, and store Office 365 files. Teams Essentials offers a total of 10 gigabytes (GB) file storage, which is twice the amount of storage available in the free version of Teams. Ongoing chat—All conversations in Teams are persistent, helping you to keep the conversation going so you never lose context or continuity. The conversation doesn’t end when the meeting ends. Small business group chat template—Quickly start a group project and host meetings with anyone, assign tasks to teammates, and create polls to receive feedback quickly all in one hub, taking productivity to the next level. *Coming soon to desktop and web. Chat, meet, and collaborate with anyone—Whether you are working with someone within or outside your organization, using the Teams app or dialing in, your chat and collaboration experience is kept in one place. There’s no need to jump between app experiences when you’re working on a project with an outside company. Mobile chat dashboard—Just click on dashboard view in any one-on-one or group chat to conveniently access all shared content neatly organized into categories such as locations, photos, files, task lists, upcoming events, weblinks, and more. *Available for customers purchasing directly from Microsoft. Teams Essentials offers the value and support small businesses need Costs are top of mind for every business and community. Microsoft Teams Essentials offers the most value at the best price. And with a simplified interface that is easy to learn, it is straightforward and easy for employees to quickly be productive. Get the most from your technology tools—With rich communications features at the lowest cost in the market, at $4 per user per month, Teams Essentials offers outstanding value for small companies and community groups. Support from Microsoft—Teams Essentials is backed by Microsoft and runs in the Azure cloud. This means security, reliability, performance, and support. Microsoft is here to help with the technology you need—within your budget. How to buy Teams Essentials Microsoft Teams Essentials is available from a variety of Microsoft Cloud Partners including some of the most recognized names in the industry: ALSO, Crayon, Ingram, Pax8, Rhipe, TD Synnex, Telefonica (ES), Deutsche Telekom, Vodafone (IT), Wortmann AG. Nerdcore Computers

How To Fix A Broken Laptop Hinge ? We can repair all hinges on all laptops like DEll Hinge Repairs HP Hinge Repairs LENOVO Hinge Repairs ASUS Hinge Repairs ACER Hinge Repairs PREDATOR PTOP Hinge Repairs ALIENWARE Hinge Repairs PREDATOR Hinge Repairs ROG Hinge Repairs LEGION Hinge Repairs OMEN Hinge Repairs The answer is yes. A broken laptop hinge can be repaired in several ways so that you won’t have to convert your laptop into a desktop. Laptops are also expensive machines so don’t want to incur exorbitant expenses to buy a new one yet you can spend a small fee to fix a broken or disassembled hinge. Most laptop models except MACS have hardware components built in unique ways. Depending on your laptop model, there are different ways your broken Laptop hinges can be repaired, putting in mind the extent of damage on Laptop hinge. If yes, broken hinges can be repaired. The next question in how? I will discuss the steps you can go through to disassemble the hinge and repair your laptop’s broken hinge either the left or the right. The process may require you to purchase some spare parts. If you are not tech guru or have any savvy laptop repair skills, please take your laptop to a qualified technician to avoid further damage. Call 1300nerdcore to speak to a recognized consultant. How to repair a broken laptop hinge …If your laptop display monitor gives way easily other than being firm, it is time to repair or replace the hinges so that it’s not useless. In case your laptop display monitor gives way easily other than being firm, it is time to repair or replace the hinges so that it’s not rendered useless. As you set to begin, keep in mind certain things. Repairing a laptop hinge will require to open up the chassis of your laptop which will render your warranty void, that is if it’s valid. In this post, I will give general instructions but it’s highly advisable you look for the laptop repair/service manual from your manufacturer. Items you will need: Screw drivers Drill index Cordless drill Hacksaw 3mm short screws 3mm coupling nuts Vice grips There are some “DIY” solutions on the internet that involves drilling, glue, and extra bolts. These methods are good but are not suitable for mass consumption. In my article, I’ll discuss “the easiest” method as well which can be implemented by an non tech savvy person. The laptop hinge is part of the interface between the laptop screen and the keyboard. It ensures that the screen section stays in place without shaking, wobbling, or being too tight. A spoiled or broken laptop will affect the workability and usability of your laptop. Laptops have two hinges on the left and the right sides of the interface separating the two. Sections of the laptop. Most tablets have only one. Laptop hinges act as the fulcrum which allows the laptop screen to be opened and closed at will. The laptop hinge is prone to being loose because it is always opened and closed whenever the laptop is to be used. Type of Hinge Problem I have categorized the hinge-related problem into 4 types. The housing area of bolts is broken The brass- screws holding the plastic holder is broken The hinges are broken into multiple pieces The Display will flicker or not work properly due to not getting even pressure or a damaged connection to the display. If you move the display, it will work for 3-4 seconds but will start flicker again, and/or the display will be on and off sometimes. Can Laptop Hinges Be Replaced/Fixed? Undoubtedly, all laptop hinges can be fixed but, in some cases, it depends on the situation what you should do. If you want to fix it by yourself, search a few other sites to see if someone else had the same problem and came up with a solution. YouTube is a good source. Search with your laptop model number. If the laptop is expensive or new, I suggest sending it to the repair center as there is a chance of voiding the warranty. If the laptop must be disassembled for fixing and it seems to be very hard to do it by yourself, I suggest hiring a technician. There is no point in spending $200-$300 for repairing a 5-year old laptop which worths even less money. However, according to my experience, only a few persons buy replacement parts and then rebuild/repair them on their own. Most people will go to BestBuy or Amazon to buy a new laptop after knowing the replacement costs associated with hiring a technician. How to Check if Your Hinge Is Loose The common changes observed that lead to a full-blown loosening of the hinge is that at first, you will notice that your computer will feel a little bit easy to open. The little force that is always required to open the laptop may no longer be required. The screen section will become wobble and drift to a closer or a farther position after you open it. This is one of the few things you will observe before a full-blown hinge loosening. Signs of Damaged / Loose and The Wearing of The Hinge Author Nerdcore Computers There are many signs of hinge damage. Some are very visible while others are hidden. There may be physical damage in the hinge or housing area. These are easily visible. You will not be able to set the display to stand at 90° or position where you want. The hinge may become “seized up” and gets harder to move than it should. There may not be any visible damage from outside. This is a symptom of the real problem. If you don’t fix it on time, the hinge housing area in the screen will be broken/cracked very soon. It will make a creaking noise when you try to move the screen. You may also experience a few cranky sounds whenever you close the laptop. Such signs indicate that one of the screws is no longer secure. The hinge is purely plastics; the screws are hooked in these plastics. With time the plastic screw hole will expand thereby making the screw loose. Fixing A Broken Laptop Hinge wobbling laptop monitor can be made to be stable. There are many ways to fix the problems. Some require no skill or tools while some require a drill machine and nuts. Since I assume most people who are reading this post, expect to know the tool-less methods, I will prioritize them. However, I will also mention the methods which require a bit of prior experience and skill. Fix a Broken Laptop Hinge without Disassembling (without removing the bezel/garnish) A laptop is not a toy. It is an expensive item. Most people hate to disassemble to fix anything in it as there is a high chance you cannot reassemble it. Here, I am explaining an easy way to do it. Method-1 Simply place a hard object at the back of the laptop. Ensure that the screen section of the laptop rests on the hard object so that it will not shift when in use. Last year, When I play ps4 on a laptop that had this problem, I did it. Method-2 There also exist some friction pads which can be fixed at the Hinges. These friction pads will reduce the wobbling and the extent to which the screen section can be opened freely. Method-3 Alternatively, you can order a replacement from the manufacturing company most especially if you still have a working warranty. Get in contact with your manufacturer, explain the problem to them and they will tell you some troubleshooting steps. It is very important to contact your manufacturers for simple troubleshooting which may solve the problem. No Manufacturers provide warranty replacement on Hinges. Most people misconceive that it is not possible for one to repair a broken hinge and that the only way out is to manage the situation or contact the manufacturing company to fix it for you. If your laptop is very old and if it is not possible to fix the hinge, you can consider buying a new laptop. If you are not sure when to buy, take a look at the best time of year to buy a laptop. Method – 4 (Using glue) Get a tube of gorilla glue epoxy. Then, glue it back together so that it can hold it. In case, it breaks in the future, use the glue again to fix it. You can use super glue. However, based on the hinge system on your laptop, in some models, it may not last long due to the tension in the hinge. Method – 5: Fit the hinge outside the case Items Required: A power drill A few 14mm-long M3 screws (plus, nuts for them) List of Steps Step 01 First, you need to use your drill machine to drill pilot holes of 2mm through into the case cover from the hinge side. You’ll be using the bottom two screw holes in the bezel/garnish Step 02 Enlarge the pilot holes to 3mm, drill from the case cover side back towards the hinge. Step 03 Fit the screw in from the case side with the nut on the bezel side. If the screws are too long you can file down. If you want to disguise the nuts a dab of black enamel works. One screw per hinge is all you’ll need for this repair. Keep in mind that You cannot get 3mm coupler nuts from hardware/home improvement places. They are standoff from a circuit board. You can get it from a computer repair place, an electronics supply store, or Newegg.com. You can also use binding screws or Chicago screws. Fix a Broken Laptop Hinge by Disassembling the Laptop A simple self-trouble-shooting can save you some little cash. First, you have to unplug all cables and remove all screws that hold the laptop base to the keyboard. Take note of the position of each screw to ease the reassembling. With the flat head screw, you can then remove the hinge cover above the keyboard on top of the motherboard. Drag the laptop monitor away from the laptop base, unplug the video cable, and unscrew the hinges. Replace the hinges with new ones and reassemble your laptop following your previous steps. How to Fix if The Plastic on The Cover Attaching the Hinge Is Damaged There are a few ways to fix the issue. Loosen the hinges by loosening a nut. Replace the hinger. Many 3rd-party shops sell these replacement parts at a cheap rate. There are many sellers on eBay. Match the part number before buying. Tip: If you see the plastic housings (upper or lower) are damaged or torn up, then there is no other way but to replace the chassis/screen backing housing. Things To Consider Replacing hinger is hard for average people. So, consider this the last option. Replacing the lower chassis / the screen backing housing can be costly. You can find them on eBay or Buy a used, non-functioning laptop of the same model. Then, use the case/hinge parts to replace the broken parts on your laptop. Before buying a laptop, check how many openings and closings that model was tested. For example, Dell claims that Inspiron 15-547 was tested for 20,000 openings and closings. How Much Is The Cost Of Laptop Hinge Repairs? The cost of repairing or replacing a laptop hinge is free if you do it by yourself. If you cannot do the self-troubleshooting, then you can pay a technician to do it for you. The cost of repairing varies from one technician to another. Technicians on eBay charge around $20, the ones on amazon charge an average of $30 while technicians on PC shop were quoted to charge $80 for laptop hinge fixing. In some cases, it can be $200-$300. If your laptop is old, it is almost meaningless to spend such an amount of money on repair for an old laptop. The hinge price is not the same for brands including Asus, Dell, Lenovo, or Acer. It depends on material and quality. How To Prevent Laptop Hinge Damage The laptop hinge is one of the laptop parts that gets damaged easily. To lessen the extent of damage, you have to avoid opening and closing the laptop frequently. Doing this often will loosen the screen hooks thereby making the screen wobble. Avoid dropping the laptop. This will cause damage to the hinge. The hinge can be lubricated to avoid friction. Not all types of lubricants are recommended, so you have to contact your manufacturer to know the best lubricant to use. Furthermore, dropping a laptop may damage the motherboard and power button. If you ever experience it, you can try to turn on the computer without the power button. Avoid lifting an open laptop while holding the screen. Most laptops do not have screws. To tighten or loosen a laptop hinge, please ensure that you use the correct screw size. The hinge is tightened to plastic, so too much pressure should not be applied when tightening to avoid damage to the plastics. The laptop screen section is a very fragile area. You should ensure that you open the laptop with care. The speed and the force with which you open the laptop matters a lot. Take it easy with the hinge and your hinge will certainly give you an extended lifetime. Don’t carry the laptop by the lid. FAQ The hinge in my brand-new laptop is broken. Will I get a free replacement from the service center? According to our experience, we have seen a mixed scenario. Sometimes, they replace the hinge for free, sometimes they charge money for the replacement. They decide after inspecting the laptop manually. The hinges on my laptop are very tight. Sometimes, the plastic cover eventually comes away. How to fix it? Try to loosen the hinges. Otherwise, you can re-attach the hinges if possible. If you continue using tight hinges, it can break the plastic that holds the screws. Keep in mind that brands such as HP don’t sell replacement screen cover or other replacement parts. You can source from eBay or 3rd party sellers. Bottom Line On the whole, there are many ways of fixing and replacing your laptop hinge and the manufacturer’s instructions must be adhered to strictly. Getting a cranking sound is always a good indicator of loosening and wearing the hinge. The loosening of the laptop hinge makes a laptop to be rather useless because the screen section will not remain in the position you place it. This can be very frustrating especially if you have a project to handle via the laptop. A wobbling laptop hinge can spoil the laptop screen as most of the wires would be exposed to wear and tear. Finally, In addition to this, other problems may as well emanate from there. The positioning and design of the hinges vary from one laptop to another. The hinge is a very important part of the laptop. The laptop will not be put into adequate use if the hinge is damaged. You can no longer enjoy your laptop if the hinge is wobbling. At this point, you have to consider some of the factors that will make your laptop to be rejuvenated. Replacing your laptop hinge by yourself will stall you from getting a warranty from your manufacturers. Author Nerdcore Computers

Is your business struggling to generate traffic & ROI through SEO? Let Impressive help! Our expert team of SEO consultants are ready to help you grow your business. Improve your search engine rankings with nerdcore computers for only $399.00 With Nerdcore SEO is a technique that helps your website rank naturally on popular search engines like Google, Yahoo! and Bing. Now when we say the word "rank" what we mean is getting your website closer to the top of the results, often being on the first page. It's important to note though that the SEO technique is a long term solution for trying to get your site on the natural listing of search engines and can take a while. ​ How is this done I hear you say? It's very interesting actually. Basically a SEO specialist team will take your website and perform a detailed analysis of its design, layout and content. They look for things like product information, articles, blog posts, links and images. From that our specialists are able to develop an understanding of your products and services and likely search terms customers would use in the various search engines. ​ We have highly trained and SEO professional staff, based in Australia. Don't miss out on potential customers searching online for your business. Help your website rank higher in search engines like Google, Yahoo! and Bing with search engine optimisation from Nerdcore. ​ If you want customers to be able to find you easily online, it's important to look at your search engine ranking (for example in Google). Find out how Nerdcore SEO experts can use search engine optimisation (SEO) to make your website easy for search engines to find. ​ Nerdcore Computers can do the following for your website an within weeks you will gain more traffic to your website. Our results are proven to work an we have very competitive prices. Get in touch today. We can explain what we need from you to be able to get your page ranking to a better position within weeks no months. We charge you accordingly an we are very fair with prices. ​ Search engine optimisation (SEO) Search engine optimisation (SEO) is about making it easy for search engines, such as Google, Bing, to find your website. It uses techniques that help search engines find the information you publish on your website (web content), then rank it against similar websites. You need to understand how people use search engines, to make your website appear when they search for your product or service. Search engines apply rankings by matching the relevance of the web page to the search term used. By making your web content more relevant to your customer's needs compared to other websites, you'll have a better chance of appearing at the top. When setting up your website, consider the following points to ensure your website has the best chance of ranking well. 1. Understand your online customers Like traditional marketing, improving search rankings starts with an understanding of your customer's behaviour. For example, consider how a person's search behaviour changes during the buying cycle: Awareness: the customer is aware of a problem that needs fixing, and begins searching for potential solutions using broad search terms. For example, 'leaking tap'. Consideration: the customer understands their problem and is now searching for solutions that best meet their needs. They will typically start using search keywords that include a location, product feature or product type. For example, 'plumber in Townsville'. Purchase: the customer is ready to buy, and generally knows who they will buy from. They will often search directly for the service provider. For example, 'ABC Plumbing'. Learn about market research to understand your customers. Research your market 2. Use The Right keywords on your website Keywords are the words or phrases a customer uses when they do a search. For example, 'flowers online' and 'where do I buy flowers online' are both considered to be keywords. Matching the keywords used on your website with the words used by customers when they search for you is an important part of SEO. Add popular keywords or phrases to your website. These words can be used in places such as page titles, in content or even as the name of the image file you’re using. Use keywords that are relevant to your business, services or location. Anything that a customer would use in a search engine can be considered a keyword or phrase. Tip: Be careful not to overuse keywords. This can have a negative impact on your SEO efforts. Make sure your content still reads naturally. 3. Refresh your page content often Add new content to your website weekly. This could be adding information about a new product or service you're selling, a customer story or product video. It’s also important to update your web content pages at least every 6 months and remove content that is no longer relevant. Refreshing your content encourages search engines to visit your website more often. The more frequently they visit, the faster they're able to discover new content on your website. You may also see some ranking benefits. 4. Gain links from other websites When applying a ranking to your web page, search engines look at which other websites provide links to your page and your website as a whole. To search engines, links from external websites are considered a vote of confidence in the accuracy, relevance and usefulness of your content. However, not all links are considered equal. Links from highly reputable websites have more 'weight' applied than less reputable sites. Typically, the more links you gain from reputable websites, the better your website will rank. 5. Include the meta description tag Although not always displayed in search engine results, the meta description tag tells a search engine what your page is about. It’s also a great opportunity to tell customers exactly what’s on your page. The description helps search engines rate how relevant your page is and decide how they’ll rank your page. The more relevant your content is, the higher it will be ranked. Remember, search engines can change how they use your content (including your descriptions) to generate search results. It’s best to regularly check on search engine websites for guidance to see if you need to update your content. ​ Search Engine Optimisation Solutions Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) is an online strategy that can help your business reach a larger audience and increase your sales and leads. With many consumers researching online before purchasing, if you're not at the top of search engines you could be missing out on business. Support growth in your business today by helping your website rank higher in Google search engine results with Melbourne IT. Features you'll enjoy Focused on Success 89% of our customers since 2009 have achieved a top 20 listing in Google's search engine. Website Analysis We help you identify key areas where you can improve your website. Improve Visibility We can help to get your website onto the first page of Google, Yahoo! or Bing search engines. Experienced Account Managers Let our professional SEO specialists help you achieve your goals. Track Return on Investment (ROI) We monitor and test your SEO strategy to help maximise results. Keyword Targeting Help make sure that the right customers are coming to your website by targeting them with specific keywords. Author Nercdore Computers

Lenovo Yoga Computer Repairs - Lenovo Yoga Repairs Centre. Lenovo Yoga Computer, Lenovo Yoga Laptop Repair Centre 5 Reasons why you should use our Lenovo Yoga Repairs Centre Guaranteed Fixed Price Repair Experienced Australia wide Engineers Swift service Response Competitively Priced Parts Inclusive Annual Maintenance Agreements Lenovo Yoga Service Centre and customer support- Expertise You Can Trust Upon Lenovo Yoga is amongst those brands that cannot be ignored when we look for electronic gadgets. Lenovo Yoga laptops are built for high level of performance. Being empowered and equipped with all the required features, this brand is bit expensive in comparison to others available in the market. This is the reason why there are few technical issues with this brand. Our Lenovo Yoga repair centre also offers services for Lenovo Yoga which is a high end gaming laptops produced by lenovo Yoga . Our technicians and engineers have experience in fixing and repairing all the Lenovo Yoga products. We offer same day quick and reliable repair services to the consumers, commercial and corporate clients. Lenovo Yoga Repair Australia is answer to all your troubles and issues Our technicians and engineers are experienced and skilled in repairing the device without letting you go anywhere. They are capable of resolving all the types of software and hardware issues from your Lenovo Yoga Laptop, Computer, Notebook,Tablet etc. From failed hard drives to virus removal, we offer all the fixing services. We also provide No Fix, No Fee guarantee for all the services we are providing as we are confident enough of our repairing services. In case, if our technicians and engineers are unable to find and fix the error in your device, then we won’t be charging a single penny from you. Our Lenovo Yoga Repair Service team is just a call away. (03 86897974) ​ The user can contact and reach our team through different modes. We are available at your service via phone support where the technicians and engineers will guide you step by step. The other way is via online remote assistance. If we are unable to fix issue with these methods then our technicians will visit your place and fix the malfunctioned device. We also provide pick and drop service and return the fixed laptop within 24 hours. ​ What all Lenovo Yoga laptop issues are resolved at our repair centre? Our Lenovo Yoga Laptop Repair team believes in delivering reliable and dependable services to the Lenovo. We will fix the device irrespective of your preference for onsite consultation at your place or conducting repair remotely. Following are the some of the issues that are fixed and resolved at our centre: Lenovo Yoga Hard drive upgrades Lenovo Yoga Notebook running slowly Lenovo Yoga Data recovery Lenovo Yoga Line or blotches on LCD screen Lenovo Yoga Software upgrades Lenovo Yoga System will not boot from hard drive Lenovo Yoga Bottom case damage Lenovo Yoga Battery unable to charge Lenovo Yoga Memory upgrades Lenovo Yoga Fan is not working properly Lenovo Yoga Virus removal Lenovo Yoga Overheating issue Lenovo Yoga Faulty keyboards Lenovo Yoga Video graphics not in good condition Lenovo Yoga Liquid damage repairs Lenovo Yoga Plugged in not charging fault Lenovo YogaCD or DVD drive is not functioning Lenovo Yoga Appearance of Blue screens Lenovo Yoga Graphics card failure Lenovo Yoga Broken hinge repair Lenovo Yoga DC power jack is not working Lenovo Yoga Antivirus related issues Lenovo Yoga Motherboard needs repairing or replacement Laptop is not booting Lenovo Yoga Lenovo Yoga System unable to turn on Lenovo Yoga Abruptly shutting down Lenovo Yoga Cracked LCD screen Lenovo Yoga Unclear LCD display Why Lenovo Yoga Repair Australia Services over other service providers- Our technicians and engineers will diagnose the issue and error. After detecting the issue, our team will inform you about the charges applicable for fixing the error. Afterwards, our technicians will connect with you and tell you how long it is going to take in resolving the error. Once you accept the services, our experts will help you in solving the issue and fix the device. Nerdcore Computers Lenovo Yoga Computer Repair Centre is at your service in one single call Lenovo Yoga Repair Australia is the catering to all the repair requirements and providing all the needed services. And because of the experienced and skilled technicians, we are able to make our mark in the region. Our engineers can fix and repair all the dysfunctional devices. Drop a call at Lenovo Yoga PC/Desktop Repair Centre Number 1300637326 and our technicians will quickly come at your service Author Nerdcore Computers

How does Nerdcore Computers Service Centre Offer Onsite Computer Repairs Throughout Victoria Australia Read More ​ Onsite Computer Repairs - On Site File Computer Services Computer Issues? We come to your home or business the same day. We are one of Australia’s leading provider of on-site computer repairs and support for home and businesses. The Nerdcore Group delivers prompt, no fuss, same day computer repair services to customers nationwide. Where you see a Nerdcore Jeep mobile 4x4 we have friendly on-site field technicians that are standing by and can come out to your home or business today to help resolve the problem on the spot most of the times. ​ You Can Get More with The Nerdcore Group Server Maintenance Solutions! The Nerdcore service is quite unique from other server maintenance service providers. You should choose us because; You can acquire our services on the same day basis as you need them & pay as you go Technicians carry hundreds of spare parts and accessories so most problems get fixed on the spot. Thats right even server parts. No Fix No Fee – if we can’t offer you a solution to your problem then there is nothing to pay. 30 Day Work Guarantee -If it’s not right we will fix it at our expense on the next available appointment. Fixed appointment times – Means no waiting around or standing around. We understand your time is important! So we will make our technicians visit you straight away. Onsite Appointments that suit your busy lifestyle – Weekdays, After Hours and Saturday or Sundays. Selection of data back-up solutions available for easy or complex data backup solutions. You can call us whenever you have any problem with your server, network or software. You don’t get tied down with a contract. We offer a break fix support service an then we will bill you once the problems is resolved. We offer a total solution offering onsite repairs, remote support, hardware/laptop repairs and data recovery. Proven Track Record – Over 15 years in business and thousands of satisfied customers. ​ ​ ​ Why Choose Us ​Onsite It Support for Complete New Office Network Setup / Home Or Business / POS Systems Onsite It Support Laptop Repairs Melbourne Onsite It Support Macbook Pro Repairs Onsite It Support Imac Repairs Melbourne Onsite It Support apple mac repairs & service Onsite It Support Desktop Computer Repairs Onsite It Support Pc Fixing Onsite It Support IT Business Support Onsite It Support Printer Networking Configuration Onsite It Support Specific Hard Ware Installation/Setup/Tutorial Onsite It Support Virus Protection Setup/Licensing Onsite It Support Data Recovery/Protection & Storage Setup Onsite It Support Setup Wireless Connections Onsite It Support New Modem Installation/ Adsl + Adsl2+ Vdsl + Nbn + Dial up Onsite It Support Tcp/ip Conflict and access issues Onsite It Support Vpn + Port Forwarding Onsite It Support Voice over Ip setup and Troubleshooting Spamming Email Control and Ip Blocking of annoying daily emails Onsite It Support Computer repairs for specific server platforms Onsite It Support Software Virus Removal Onsite It Support Computer Malware Removal Onsite It Support Protection Software Onsite It Support Remove Spyware From Computer Onsite It Support Rootkit Removal Onsite It Support Remove Popups Onsite It Support APPLE PRODUCT SERVICES Onsite It Support Apple Macbook Repair Onsite It Support Desktop Mac Tuneup Onsite It Support Apple iMac Repair Onsite It Support COMPUTER REPAIRS Onsite It Support Desktop & Laptop Repair Onsite It Support Desktop & Laptop SD Card Reader Repairs Onsite It Support Broken Screen Repair Onsite It Support Desktop & Laptop CPU / Processor Repairs Onsite It Support Desktop & Laptop CD / DVD / Blu-Ray Repair Onsite It Support Desktop & Laptop RAM Upgrade & Repair Onsite It Support Printer / Scanner / Fax Repair Onsite It Support Desktop & Laptop Motherboard Repair Onsite It Support Desktop & Laptop Hardware Repair Onsite It Support Desktop & Laptop Graphics Card Repair Onsite It Support Desktop & Laptop Network Card Repair Desktop & Laptop Hard Drive Repair Desktop & Laptop Power Supply Repair Desktop & Laptop Fan Replacement CUSTOM COMPUTER BUILDS Custom Computer Builds Desktop Computer Selection & Installation Custom Gaming DATA RECOVERY & COMPUTER MAINTENANCE Data Recovery Data Transfer Operating System Updates Computer Diagnostics Computer Tuneup Cable Internet Troubleshooting & anything else your business requires. ​ ​ ​ You can focus on running your business. We can make it run smoothly. ​ Our Flat-Rate repair fee will cover any hardware or software issue. Nerdcore Computers Service Centre in both Melbourne & Victoria. We are located in 3a Wllesden Road Hughesdale Victoria, 3166 Don’t hesitate to give us a call or text if you have any questions! 1300637326 Author Nerdcore Computers

Wireless Printer Repairs - printer repairs Melbourne Hp Wireless Printer Repairs Xerox Wireless Printer Repairs Samsung Wireless Printer Repairs Brother Wireless Printer Repairs lenovo Wireless Printer Repairs Oki Wireless Printer Repairs Epson Wireless Printer Repairs Melbourne Printer Repair Service Nerdcore Engineers are your Local Printer Repair Specialist Servicing All Melbourne Metro Area Go to your printer an take down the model number an ring 1300637326 quote the number to the team so they can locate your model an offer you an onsite printer repairs service same day. Repair All Printer Brands Nerdcore Printer Engineers repair all major printer brands including: Brother, HP, Xerox, Kyocera, Samsung & Lexmark, lenovo, Toshiba an many more. Since 1994 We are the printer repair and servicing specialists people like your self go to have their printer installed repaired or setup. nerdcore Computers repairs and service all office equipment for example all the laser printers, inkjets printers, fax machines, multifunction devices, electronic whiteboards and copiers. Printer Equipment Sales We have 35 years experience in printer and business equipment sales. Our aim is to provide the cheapest solution for all your printer and office machine requirements allowing you an your business to get back to work. Nerdcore Computer Repairs service all the different laser and inkjet printers, faxes, multifunction devices and electronic whiteboards. Free Installation with all printer sales! Onsite Printer Repairs Prices Guaranteed Competitive Rates. $350 On site service – Melbourne Metro Area Victoria - Australia Nation wide service 24 hours 7 days a week. The nerdcore printer technicians carries most common printer parts. If any parts are required our technician will quote on-site before anything starts You also have the option of ringing our head technician on 0386897974 for direct help printer repair advice and an quotes straight over the phone. We offer great value for money! ​ Printer Repairs Customer Service Voted# 1 in customer service an getting the job right the first time. We have 35 years experience and a huge range of knowledge. Total customer satisfaction is the key to training our printer engineers Our customer base ranges from small home offices, schools, universities to government departments and large corporations doctors, lawyers, an police departments. See Our Reviews! Same Day Express Printer Service and Repair $350 On Site Service - Melbourne Metro Area Nerdcore Printers Repairs is your go to choice for repairing printers in Australia. Why You Should Choose Us Nerdcore Printer Repairs can offer a full range of services all over Australia our Australian Owned Company with 35 Years Experience is the new go to place for printer repairs. Printer Repair Australia wide service What we can do Printer Repairs Australia is a Australian owned Melbourne based company that has 35 years in fast on-site printer repairs and printer services with same day services. Our printer repair engineers offer quality printer repairs and service everywere all over Australia and Thousands of our business customers have been calling everyday to get the job done right the first time. PRINTER REPAIRS SERVICES PROVIDED Take advantage of any of printer repairs services to keep your printer and other office equipment running at its optimum potential. This Services include: - All Printer repairs - Preventive maintenance plans yearly or monthly plans - Printer service maintenance contracts for even home users - Great value on-site service by our printer repairs technicians always getting the job done right - Same day printer repair service - All Printer Equipment installation - Direct jet cards- wireless printer connections - Network Printer connections. - 3 months workman ship guaranteed - Service Hotline number 24 hours 7 days Australia 1300637326 - Nothing ever goes wrong. Printer Repairs Technical Expertise is just one phone call away Nerdcore Printer Repairs Qualified Factory Trained Printer Repairs Technician has 35 Years 3 Months Workmanship Guarantee - No Fix no Fee All Parts and Labour are quoted before work starts ​ ​ Nerdcore Printer Repairs cover all of the Melbourne Metro Area and Provide Express Same Day Service Mono Color Laser Printer Repairs Color Laser Printer Repairs Photocopier Printer Repairs Desk Jet Printer Repairs Author Nercdore Australia

What is Linux? From smartphones to cars, supercomputers and home appliances, home desktops to enterprise servers, the Linux operating system is everywhere. Linux has been around since the mid-1990s and has since reached a user-base that spans the globe. Linux is actually everywhere: It?s in your phones, your thermostats, in your cars, refrigerators, Roku devices, and televisions. It also runs most of the Internet, all of the world’s top 500 supercomputers, and the world’s stock exchanges. But besides being the platform of choice to run desktops, servers, and embedded systems across the globe, Linux is one of the most reliable, secure and worry-free operating systems available. Here is all the information you need to get up to speed on the Linux platform. What is Linux? Just like Windows, iOS, and Mac OS, Linux is an operating system. In fact, one of the most popular platforms on the planet, Android, is powered by the Linux operating system. An operating system is software that manages all of the hardware resources associated with your desktop or laptop. To put it simply, the operating system manages the communication between your software and your hardware. Without the operating system (OS), the software wouldn?t function. The Linux operating system comprises several different pieces: Bootloader – The software that manages the boot process of your computer. For most users, this will simply be a splash screen that pops up and eventually goes away to boot into the operating system. Kernel – This is the one piece of the whole that is actually called ?Linux?. The kernel is the core of the system and manages the CPU, memory, and peripheral devices. The kernel is the lowest level of the OS. Init system – This is a sub-system that bootstraps the user space and is charged with controlling daemons. One of the most widely used init systems is systemd? which also happens to be one of the most controversial. It is the init system that manages the boot process, once the initial booting is handed over from the bootloader (i.e., GRUB or GRand Unified Bootloader). Daemons – These are background services (printing, sound, scheduling, etc.) that either start up during boot or after you log into the desktop. Graphical server – This is the sub-system that displays the graphics on your monitor. It is commonly referred to as the X server or just X. Desktop environment – This is the piece that the users actually interact with. There are many desktop environments to choose from (GNOME, Cinnamon, Mate, Pantheon, Enlightenment, KDE, Xfce, etc.). Each desktop environment includes built-in applications (such as file managers, configuration tools, web browsers, and games). Applications – Desktop environments do not offer the full array of apps. Just like Windows and macOS, Linux offers thousands upon thousands of high-quality software titles that can be easily found and installed. Most modern Linux distributions (more on this below) include App Store-like tools that centralize and simplify application installation. For example, Ubuntu Linux has the Ubuntu Software Center (a rebrand of GNOME Software? Figure 1) which allows you to quickly search among the thousands of apps and install them from one centralized location. Why use Linux? This is the one question that most people ask. Why bother learning a completely different computing environment, when the operating system that ships with most desktops, laptops, and servers works just fine? To answer that question, I would pose another question. Does that operating system you?re currently using really work ?just fine?? Or, do you find yourself battling obstacles like viruses, malware, slow downs, crashes, costly repairs, and licensing fees? If you struggle with the above, Linux might be the perfect platform for you. Linux has evolved into one of the most reliable computer ecosystems on the planet. Combine that reliability with zero cost of entry and you have the perfect solution for a desktop platform. That’s right, zero cost of entry… as in free. You can install Linux on as many computers as you like without paying a cent for software or server licensing. Let’s take a look at the cost of a Linux server in comparison to Windows Server 2016. The price of the Windows Server 2016 Standard edition is $882.00 USD (purchased directly from Microsoft). That doesn’t include Client Access License (CALs) and licenses for other software you may need to run (such as a database, a web server, mail server, etc.). For example, a single user CAL, for Windows Server 2016, costs $38.00. If you need to add 10 users, for example, that’s $388.00 more dollars for server software licensing. With the Linux server, it?s all free and easy to install. In fact, installing a full-blown web server (that includes a database server), is just a few clicks or commands away (take a look at ?Easy LAMP Server Installation? to get an idea how simple it can be). If zero cost isn’t enough to win you over? what about having an operating system that will work, trouble free, for as long as you use it? I’ve used Linux for nearly 20 years (as both a desktop and server platform) and have not had any issues with ransomware, malware, or viruses. Linux is generally far less vulnerable to such attacks. As for server reboots, they’re only necessary if the kernel is updated. It is not out of the ordinary for a Linux server to go years without being rebooted. If you follow the regular recommended updates, stability and dependability are practically assured. Open source Linux is also distributed under an open source license. Open source follows these key tenants: The freedom to run the program, for any purpose. The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor. The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others. These points are crucial to understanding the community that works together to create the Linux platform. Without a doubt, Linux is an operating system that is ?by the people, for the people?. These tenants are also a main factor in why many people choose Linux. It?s about freedom and freedom of use and freedom of choice. What is a “distribution?” Linux has a number of different versions to suit any type of user. From new users to hard-core users, you’ll find a “flavor” of Linux to match your needs. These versions are called distributions (or, in the short form, “distros”). Nearly every distribution of Linux can be downloaded for free, burned onto disk (or USB thumb drive), and installed (on as many machines as you like). Popular Linux distributions include: LINUX MINT MANJARO DEBIAN UBUNTU ANTERGOS SOLUS FEDORA ELEMENTARY OS OPENSUSE Each distribution has a different take on the desktop. Some opt for very modern user interfaces (such as GNOME and Elementary OS’s Pantheon), whereas others stick with a more traditional desktop environment (openSUSE uses KDE). You can check out the top 100 distributions on the Distrowatch. And don’t think the server has been left behind. For this arena, you can turn to: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Ubuntu Server Centos SUSE Enterprise Linux Some of the above server distributions are free (such as Ubuntu Server and CentOS) and some have an associated price (such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Enterprise Linux). Those with an associated price also include support. Which distribution is right for you? Which distribution you use will depend on the answer to three simple questions: How skilled of a computer user are you? Do you prefer a modern or a standard desktop interface? Server or desktop? If your computer skills are fairly basic, you’ll want to stick with a newbie-friendly distribution such as Linux Mint, Ubuntu (Figure 3), Elementary OS or Deepin. If your skill set extends into the above-average range, you could go with a distribution like Debian or Fedora. If, however, you’ve pretty much mastered the craft of computer and system administration, use a distribution like Gentoo. If you really want a challenge, you can build your very own Linux distribution, with the help of Linux From Scratch. If you’re looking for a server-only distribution, you will also want to decide if you need a desktop interface, or if you want to do this via command-line only. The Ubuntu Server does not install a GUI interface. This means two things your server won’t be bogged down loading graphics and you’ll need to have a solid understanding of the Linux command line. However, you can install a GUI package on top of the Ubuntu Server with a single command like sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop. System administrators will also want to view a distribution with regards to features. Do you want a server-specific distribution that will offer you, out of the box, everything you need for your server? If so, CentOS might be the best choice. Or, do you want to take a desktop distribution and add the pieces as you need them? If so, Debian or Ubuntu Linux might serve you well. Installing Linux For many people, the idea of installing an operating system might seem like a very daunting task. Believe it or not, Linux offers one of the easiest installations of all operating systems. In fact, most versions of Linux offer what is called a Live distribution ? which means you run the operating system from either a CD/DVD or USB flash drive without making any changes to your hard drive. You get the full functionality without having to commit to the installation. Once you’ve tried it out, and decided you wanted to use it, you simply double-click the “Install” icon and walk through the simple installation wizard. Typically, the installation wizards walk you through the process with the following steps (We’ll illustrate the installation of Ubuntu Linux): Preparation: Make sure your machine meets the requirements for installation. This also may ask you if you want to install third-party software (such as plugins for MP3 playback, video codecs, and more). Wireless setup (if necessary): If you are using a laptop (or machine with wireless), you’ll need to connect to the network, in order to download third-party software and updates. Hard drive allocation (Figure 4): This step allows you to select how you want the operating system to be installed. Are you going to install Linux alongside another operating system (called “dual booting”), use the entire hard drive, upgrade an existing Linux installation, or install over an existing version of Linux. Location: Select your location from the map. Keyboard layout: Select the keyboard for your system. User setup: Set up your username and password. Author Nerdcore Computers

5 Reasons why you should use our Trimble Repairs Centre Guaranteed Fixed Price Repair Experienced Australia wide Engineers Swift service Response Competitively Priced Parts Inclusive Annual Maintenance Agreements Trimble Service Centre and customer support- Expertise You Can Trust Upon Trimble Trimble is amongst those brands that cannot be ignored when we look for electronic gadgets. Trimble laptops are built for high level of performance. Being empowered and equipped with all the required features, this brand is bit expensive in comparison to others available in the market. This is the reason why there are few technical issues with this brand. Our Trimble repair centre also offers services for Trimble which is a high end gaming laptops produced by Trimble. Our technicians and engineers have experience in fixing and repairing all the Trimble products. We offer same day quick and reliable repair services to the consumers, commercial and corporate clients. Trimble Repair Australia is answer to all your troubles and issues Our technicians and engineers are experienced and skilled in repairing the device without letting you go anywhere. They are capable of resolving all the types of software and hardware issues from your Trimble Tablet, Computer, Notebook,Tablet etc. From failed hard drives to virus removal, we offer all the fixing services. We also provide No Fix, No Fee guarantee for all the services we are providing as we are confident enough of our repairing services. In case, if our technicians and engineers are unable to find and fix the error in your device, then we won’t be charging a single penny from you. Our Trimble Repair Service team is just a call away. (03 86897974) ​ The user can contact and reach our team through different modes. We are available at your service via phone support where the technicians and engineers will guide you step by step. The other way is via online remote assistance. If we are unable to fix issue with these methods then our technicians will visit your place and fix the malfunctioned device. We also provide pick and drop service and return the fixed laptop within 24 hours. ​ What all Trimble Tablet; issues are resolved at our repair centre? Our Trimble Laptop Repair team believes in delivering reliable and dependable services to the Trimble. We will fix the device irrespective of your preference for onsite consultation at your place or conducting repair remotely. Following are the some of the issues that are fixed and resolved at our centre: Trimble Hard drive upgrades Trimble Notebook running slowly Trimble Data recovery Trimble Line or blotches on LCD screen Trimble Software upgrades Trimble System will not boot from hard drive Trimble Bottom case damage Trimble Battery unable to charge Trimble Memory upgrades Trimble Fan is not working properly Trimble Virus removal Trimble Overheating issue Trimble Faulty keyboards Trimble Video graphics not in good condition Trimble Liquid damage repairs Trimble Plugged in not charging fault Trimble CD or DVD drive is not functioning Trimble Appearance of Blue screens Trimble Graphics card failure Trimble Broken hinge repair Trimble DC power jack is not working Trimble Antivirus related issues Trimble Motherboard needs repairing or replacement Trimble Laptop is not booting Trimble System unable to turn on Trimble Abruptly shutting down Trimble Cracked LCD screen Trimble Unclear LCD display Why Trimble Repair Australia Services over other service providers- Our technicians and engineers will diagnose the issue and error. After detecting the issue, our team will inform you about the charges applicable for fixing the error. Afterwards, our technicians will connect with you and tell you how long it is going to take in resolving the error. Once you accept the services, our experts will help you in solving the issue and fix the device. ​ Trimble nomad 5 Repairs Trimble Yuma 7 Repairs Trimble Ranger 7 Repairs Trimble Ranger 3 Repairs Trimble PF200 GNS22 Receiver Repairs Trimble Juno T41 R-AEI Repairs Trimble Trimble T10 Repairs Trimble Yuma 2 Repairs Trimble Kenai Repairs ​ ​ Nerdcore Computers Trimble Computer Repair Centre is at your service in one single call Trimble Repair Australia is the catering to all the repair requirements and providing all the needed services. And because of the experienced and skilled technicians, we are able to make our mark in the region. Our engineers can fix and repair all the dysfunctional devices. Drop a call at Trimble PC/Desktop Repair Centre Number 1300637326 and our technicians will quickly come at your service.

What Computer Parts do you need to build a New Computer you ask? Does this mean you want to build your own PC? That is absolutely splendid! Building your own Computer from individual PC Components has so many benefits compared to just going out and buying a pre-built PC: Also: It’s a lot of fun! The anticipation of the individual parts being delivered to your house, the shiny boxes with all the different components in them, not to mention researching what parts you actually need, which you are doing right now! By building your own Computer you gain a lot of insight into the inner workings of Hardware Components and how everything fits together. You will be able to troubleshoot if any problems arise later on much easier, than when you have no clue what is actually going on inside your New PC’s Cases. Knowing the ins and outs of assembling a Computer and what Parts a Computer needs will also let you upgrade your Computer in the future. Another very important factor is optimization. Knowing how a New Computer works also enables you to optimize it as much as possible for your type of work. You can optimize by buying the best parts for your specific workloads, be it Gaming, 3D Rendering, Modeling, Graphic Design, Video Editing or so many other purposes you can use a Computer for. Building your own computer also is a lot cheaper than getting a pre-built PC. You can usually save around 30% in Cost when researching, buying the PC Components individually, and assembling them yourself. And the best of it all, building a Computer is so easy, it’s kind of interesting that not more people are doing it! Anyway, we now definitely know that we are on the right track in looking into building our own Computer, that’s probably why you came here in the first place. If you already have a grasp on what general type of Computer you need, what specific Parts do we need to build a PC? Let’s see: New Computer Parts List (PC Components) Here is the Computer Parts List with all the basic Hardware Parts that you will need for a functioning PC: New Computer Case New Computer Motherboard New CPU [Processor] New GPU [New Graphics Card] (if no integrated GPU) New RAM [New Memory] New Storage Device (SSD, NVME SSD, HDD) New Cooling (CPU, Chassis) New PSU [New Power Supply Unit] Display device, Monitor New Operating System [OS] Input Devices, Mouse, Keyboard Let’s take a closer look at them: Case The Computer case is nothing more than a fancy-looking box that holds all of the PC’s components. It can be opened and closed and usually has pre-defined areas with screws and holes where all the other Components are supposed to be placed and attached to. PC Cases come in different colors, sizes, with or without fans, some have LED lights some don’t, some have glass side panels, some others look absolutely crazy. Usually, you can think of a PC Case as a black (or white) Box with some buttons on top. This is where all of your components will fit into when you are done building your PC. You don’t actually need a case, you could also just lay all of your components on the floor or mount them on the wall, some people do, but being able to just pick up the entire Computer by picking up the Case comes in handy. Some Cases that are extremely popular and often recommended are the NZXT H500 – ATX Mid-Tower or the Phanteks Enthoo Pro. Motherboard Next up is a very important part, the Motherboard. The Motherboard is a Printed Circuit Board that every other Computer Hardware Component will be attached to. It is like a central hub that manages and connects all of your other Parts. Image-Source: tweakpc.de The Motherboard has connectors for cables like power cables and data cables, slots for cards like GPUs & sockets for CPUs. There are also lots of little building blocks like transistors, capacitors, jumpers, and lots of other tiny parts, that all go towards making your different hardware components work well together. Check out the best Motherboards for the popular AMD Ryzen CPUs and Intel CPUs Processor (CPU) Into the Motherboard’s Socket, the CPU is plugged in. Every CPU type has a specific Socket, that has a name such as 2066, LGA1200, AM4, TR4, and so on, and the Motherboard will need the exact same socket to be compatible with the CPU. This is usually the first step in picking new parts for your own pc build. Pick a CPU, check what socket it has, and then pick a compatible Motherboard. Continue on from there. Image-Source: AMD / Intel A CPU is the Central Processing Unit of a Computer, and without it, nothing really works. Almost everything you do on a computer will have to be calculated by the CPU in some way, so having a fast CPU (high clocks and high core count) will make your PC faster. CPU Cooler Anything that draws power also generates heat and the CPU generates lots of heat. This means it has to be cooled to be able to operate flawlessly. What do we need for cooling a CPU? A CPU-Cooler! Some CPUs like the AMD Ryzen Series (e.g. 3900X/5600X) already have CPU-Coolers included in the CPU Box, but lots of others, like the popular Intel i9 12900K do not. Make sure you have a CPU-Cooler that is compatible with your CPU and Socket. It’s the same as with the Motherboard and CPU Socket. The Cooler has to fit the CPU and Socket. Example: Are you planning on buying an AM4 CPU like the AMD Ryzen 5900X? You need an AM4 Socket Motherboard and an AM4 compatible CPU-Cooler too. Easy as that! Air Cooled Tower CPU Cooler, Image-Source: bequiet There are two popular CPU-Cooler types. One is the Air-Cooled Tower Cooler (that you can see in the image above) and the other is an AIO Closed Water loop CPU Cooler. AIO Closed Waterloop Coolers tend to do a better job at cooling overclocked CPUs and CPUs that run hot for long periods of time. AIOs, though, can be noisier (usually have more fans and the added pump noise) and need more room in your PC-Case, as they are attached to the side of the case, connected to the CPU with some Water Pipes. The air-cooled tower CPU cooler is great at cooling short performance bursts, is nice and quiet, and usually takes up less room in the case. It is simply placed on top of the CPU where it sits and goes about its cooling work. Because different CPUs have different sizes and are mounted onto various socket-types, be sure your Cooler is compatible with the type of CPU you’ll get. Many CPU Coolers come with different mounting brackets to increase compatibility Graphics Card (GPU) Next up is the Graphics Card. Its purpose is the processing of anything that has to do with visuals and outputs these visuals (Images, User Interface, GUI) onto the Monitor. There are two main types of GPUs, the integrated GPU (iGPU) and a discrete GPU. The integrated GPU is integrated into the CPU. This means, some CPUs already have a graphics chip built-in and you will not need an additional GPU to attach a monitor to. Although dedicated/discreet GPUs and iGPUs are meant for similar tasks their performance and size differ greatly When your CPU has an integrated Graphics chip (such as the Intel i9 10900K CPU) you can connect your monitor to the display Adapter on the Motherboard. The thing with integrated GPUs though is: Their performance is very limited. They are usually good enough for light tasks such as Word-Processing and some minor Games but as soon as you want to dive into graphics-heavy tasks such as 3D GPU Rendering, High-End Gaming, Video Editing, Graphic Design, and many others, you will have to get yourself a discrete GPU. Image-Source: Nvidia A discrete GPU is a GPU that is not part of the CPU. It comes on its own printed circuit board (like the one in the picture above), that is then plugged into a PCI Express Slot on your Motherboard. Some modern GPUs include Nvidia’s RTX generation such as the RTX 3060 Ti, RTX 3070, RTX 3080. The competitor AMD also has a solid line-up with the AMD Radeon RX 6800 or 6800XT. The two Manufacturers, Nvidia and AMD are fighting a fierce battle in getting a lead over the other, but at the moment it seems as though NVIDIA would be the Brand to pick over AMD if you are looking for the maximum performance you can get out of a GPU. Memory (RAM) Random Access Memory (RAM) is the short-term memory part of the Computer if you would compare it to a brain. The RAM stores data that is actively being worked on by the CPU. RAM can read and write very fast but can’t retain information once the power is turned off. Image-Source: G.Skill RAM kits consist of RAM Modules such as the 4 colorful Modules you can see in the image above. You can get just one Module, 2 Modules, 4 Modules, or even 8 Modules as long as your Motherboard has sufficient RAM Slots. A Motherboard has RAM slots where RAM gets plugged in to. RAM comes in different capacities starting at around 4GB and going up to 64GB per Module on modern systems. Having more Modules, of course, will multiply your RAM capacity. Find out what RAM performs best for your future PC build and take a look at our guide to see how much you’ll need. Storage (HDD / SSD / NVME SSD) Because RAM can’t store anything without power and we do want to be able to turn off our computer from time to time, we need a storage medium that retains its stored data, even when the power is off. There are 3 main mass-storage types: The HDD the SSD and the NVMe SSD. All three do pretty much the same, they store data for you. The main difference between the three is speed. An HDD (which still has mechanically moving parts) is the slowest of the three and will usually read and save Data at about 100MByte/s. An SSD will already read and write at around 500MByte/s and an NVMe SSD currently reads and writes sequential Data with up to 7000MBytes/s. So, yes, if you can swing it, get an New NVMe SSD such as the Samsung 970 Evo Plus! Both HDDs and SSDs are plugged into a SATA plug onto the motherboard via a SATA Cable. They also need Power that they get through a Power Cable from the PSU (Power Supply Unit, I’ll talk about that later!) The NVMe SSD, though, is plugged into the motherboard directly. It is about as small as a stick of chewing gum and needs no extra cables. Your Motherboard, of course, has to support NVMe SSDs and have an M.2 slot available. But almost all modern Motherboards nowadays have at least one of these. Highly recommended! More Cooling We talked about CPU Cooling a bit already. The CPU is not the only PC Component that needs cooling in a Computer. The GPU of course also needs cooling, but every discrete GPU that you can buy already comes with an attached Cooler on top of it, so we don’t have to worry about extra cooling for the GPU. Now, as the PC Case is usually closed and the PC Components inside the Case need preferably cool(ish) Air to be able to be cooled, there should be a way to blow colder air from outside of the PC’s case into the Case. This is done by attaching Case Fans to the inside of the case. These then pull in cool air at the front of your PC and blow the hot air out the back of your PC. This way the inside of the PC-Case and all of your PC Components ideally stay nice and cool. So do you need to get extra Case Fans? Usually not, as most Cases are shipped with extra fans that will do just fine for this purpose. If you are thinking about building a really quiet/silent PC though you might want to get higher quality Case Fans than are shipped with a standard case. Power Supply Unit (PSU) We picked a bunch of nice PC Components already, but nothing much will happen without a power supply to supply the PC with power. There are so many PSU brands with different wattage or efficiencies out there, that it can be quite difficult to decide which one to buy. The important thing is to know how much wattage your current PC Build will need to run stable and possibly how much you will need in the future if you are planning on adding more components, like extra/stronger GPUs or Storage Drives. You should then of course (now) buy a stronger power supply, that will later also be able to handle the extra components. Image-Source: Corsair Some great Power Supplies that I can recommend without hesitation, are the CORSAIR RMX Series RM650x and the Seasonic FOCUS Plus 650 Gold PSUs. beQuiet is another high-quality PSU Brand, but there might be others you prefer. That’s about it for our Computer’s Case. Everything that goes into the Case we have already discussed. We can close our case now and see what else we need to finish our PC Build. Monitor You will, of course, need some kind of display device such as a monitor to be able to see what’s going on. Monitors come in all kinds of sizes, colors, resolutions, aspect ratios, and so on. A popular modern Display usually is a 24” or 27″ Full HD / 4K Monitor from Brands such as Asus, Dell, LG, BenQ, Samsung, and many others. If you are looking for a Gaming monitor you might not need the IPS-type Panels that have better color display and contrast. If you are into Graphic Design and professional Color grading or Video Editing you should invest more money into a good Monitor. The Monitor is attached to either the discrete GPU or the Motherboard, depending on what type of GPU you have. Operating System Windows 11 is the currently leading Operating System that will let you use your PC. Lots of online Stores offer Volume License Keys that usually don’t cost you more than 215$ per license. Image-Source: Microsoft Windows 11 Pro Setup Of course, you will need to install the Windows 11 Operating System onto your Computer. There are several ways to do this. You can use a Win11 DVD if you have one and your PC has a DVD Player. Nowadays though, as optical drives are becoming a thing of the past, the Operating System is usually either downloaded directly from the Internet (for you to create your own boot medium on DVD or thumb drive) or you can buy it on a USB Stick (Thumb-Drive) that you can install Win10 from. Author Nercdore Computers

When Alienware announced a new design for its Aurora gaming desktops earlier this month it was clear a refresh is coming. And with Intel's new 12th Gen Alder Lake CPUs, it seems the time is right for Alienware to take on the throne for the best gaming PCs. Alienware is pushing the new design on two new PCs: the Intel-based Alienware Aurora R13, as well as the Alienware Aurora Ryzen Edition R14 which uses existing AMD processors. While the AMD version may get the fancy name and a spot in the new chassis, it's the Intel version that gets all of the bells and whistles thanks to Alder Lake. Alienware Aurora R13 Alienware Aurora Ryzen Edition R14CPUUp to 12th Gen Intel Core i9-12900K / KFUp to AMD Ryzen 9 5950XGraphicsUp to Nvidia Geforce RTX 3090 (24GB GDDR6X) or AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT (16GB GDDR6)Up to Nvidia Geforce RTX 3090 (24GB GDDR6X) or AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT (16GB GDDR6)RAMUp to 128GB DDR5-3,600 or 64GB DDR5-4,400Up to 128GB DDR4-3600StorageUp to 2TB NVMe M.2 PCIe SSD + 2TB 7,200-RPM SATA HDDUp to 2TB NVMe M.2 PCIe SSD + 2TB 7,200-RPM SATA HDDPower SupplyUp to 750W PlatinumUp to 750W PlatinumCoolingAir cooler, liquid cooler or Alienware Cryo-Tech Special Edition CPU liquid coolerAir cooler or liquid cooler CaseLunar Light, Dark Side of the MoonDark Side of the Moon NetworkingUp to Killer AX1675 Wi-Fi 6Up to MediaTek MT7921 Wi-Fi 6Starting Price$1,479.99 $1,249.99 Both the R13 and R14 use the same graphics, ranging from an Nvidia GeForce GTX 1650 up to an RTX 3090 on the Nvidia side, and AMD choices from the Radeon RX 5300 up to the RX 6900 XT. They also both get up to 750W Platinum-rated power supplies. The two desktops also get the same storage options, going from a 256GB M.2 SSD up to a 2TB NVMe M.2 PCIe SSD paired with a 2TB SATA HDD. But there are also some differences. The Intel-based Aurora R13, for instance, comes in both the white (lunar light) and black (dark side of the moon) versions of Alienware's new, larger chassis, while Ryzen Edition R14 owners are limited to just the dark colorway. Some of the contrasts are based on technology. Intel's 12th Gen processors support DDR5 memory. While both desktops can use up to a whopping 128GB of RAM, only the R13 gets DDR5. (The R13 goes up to DDR5-4400 on most configurations, except 64GB consisting of four 16GB modules, which runs at DDR5-4000, and the 128GB made from four 32GB sticks, which is at DDR5-3,600.) I imagine the AMD model will see an upgrade when team red releases chips that use the newer memory. The motherboard on the R13 also gets USB 3.2 Gen 2x2. While the R14 Ryzen Edition has both air and liquid-cooling options for the CPU, the R13 with Alder Lake also gets a new "Alienware Cryo-Tech Special Edition" CPU cooler. "We embrace opportunities to tackle gaming challenges and co-engineer solutions with all of our partners and you’ll see us continue to make investments in cooling for the best possible gameplay," Alienware told Tom's Hardware in a statement regarding the distinction. "The Alienware Aurora R13 features a new top-end CPU liquid cooling option (branded Cryo-tech Edition) that was co-developed and co-engineered alongside Intel. With this being a major architecture update for Intel, our teams worked together with the mission to get the most out of every core while also keeping the system cool and quiet. The Cyro-tech Edition is not designed for AMD CPUs." RECOMMENDED VIDEOS FOR YOU. Both the R13 and R14 have Wi-Fi options, including Realtek's RTL 882CE Wi-Fi 5 (AC) chip. But when you move up to Wi-Fi 6, there are differences. The R14 gets its sole Wi-Fi 6 option from MediaTek, while the R13 can choose between the Intel AX210 and Killer AX1675 options. Intel acquired Killer owner Rivet Networks back in May of 2020. Additionally, Alienware has new motherboards for the systems. Both are "custom," with the R13 using the Z690 chipset, while the R14 opts for B550. Of both the AMD and Intel boards, Alienware claims to have put power connectors on the edges in order to "reduce cable clutter and promote airflow." The company told Tom's Hardware that these motherboards won't be upgradeable. Alienware's parent company, Dell, is also releasing a redesigned XPS Desktop with Intel's Alder Lake chips. It, too, has a redesigned chassis, which is larger for improved airflow. The new XPS will be available sometime later this fall starting at $919.99.

Eliminate dead spots and stretch your Wi-Fi coverage with the best Wi-Fi extenders. By providing stronger signal that reaches where your regular router can't, you can improve your home network without busting your budget. Whether you call it a Wi-Fi booster, wifi repeater or signal booster, these small and affordable devices provide stronger Wi-Fi where you need it, often for much less money than upgrading to one of the best mesh routers. We've reviewed several popular Wi-Fi extenders, from inexpensive wall plug units that can be hidden behind a couch to desktop units that prioritize power over aesthetics. There are plenty of functions and features to consider, but the best Wi-Fi extender for you is the one that can be positioned to expand your Wi-Fi coverage to where you need it. Big or small, cheap or expensive, we've tested them all to give you the best advice when shopping for a Wi-Fi extender. Want signal everywhere? Check out the best mesh Wi-Fi routers Check out how to make Wi-Fi faster The best Wi-Fi extender for you will meet your coverage needs and be convenient to use, as well as fitting your budget. Overall, our rating criteria include design, range, throughput, setup and which settings you can adjust. But our recommendations aren't purely about speed and coverage, but also price, so you can find the right device without spending too much money. What are the best Wi-Fi extenders? Based on our in-depth lab tests and hands-on usage in a real home, the best Wi-Fi extender on the market is the TP-Link RE650 AC2600 Wi-Fi Range Extender. It has great range and performance in a plug-in design that's easy to install in most any room. It also has a handy smartphone app that makes managing your network easier. TP-Link RE650 AC2600 Wi-Fi Range Extender 2. Netgear AX1800 4-Stream Mesh Extender (EAX20) 3. Rock Space AC1200 Wi-Fi Range Extender 4. Linksys RE7000 Max-Stream AC1900+ Wi-Fi Range Extender 5. D-Link DAP-1720 Wi-Fi AC1750 Range Extender Do you need a Wi-Fi extender? With so many options for upgrading your home network, like getting a new router or a mesh router, or adding a Wi-Fi extender or powerline extender, how do you know which is the best option for you? If most of your house is adequately served by the Wi-Fi router you already own, you may not need to buy a new one. A Wi-Fi extender is the perfect solution if you've got one room or one section of the house where your internet always seems to cut out. Wi-Fi extenders are great for knocking out a specific dead spot, for giving you a little more signal with a little more range, enough to reach that far room or give your Wi-Fi a little oomph to make it to the next floor. However, if you have large portions of your home or property that don't get adequate Wi-Fi, you may need to step up to one of the best mesh Wi-Fi systems, which use multiple devices to create a larger shared network. If you have multiple rooms with spotty coverage, or a far end of the house that your router can't reach, or want to extend your coverage out to the backyard or garage, then a mesh kit is the better choice. How to choose the best Wi-Fi extender for you How Much Should a Wi-Fi Extender Cost? The cheapest Wi-Fi repeaters will often sell for less than $50, and our current budget pick sells for half that. Newer signal boosting devices have support for the latest wireless standards and offering technologies like beam-forming and Mu-MIMO for enhanced performance will often cost more, but even the best extenders can be had for less than $200. And watch out for cheap discount range extenders, like the one in our Super Boost Wireless-N Wi-Fi Repeater review. The attractively low price also brings extremely poor performance. Plug-In or Desktop? While most signal boosters use small plug-in designs that connect directly to a wall outlet, they aren't the only option. Some of the best Wi-Fi extenders use larger designs that sit on a desk or shelf, more like a traditional router. These larger devices don't have the same size and weight limitations of plug-in units, allowing for better antenna placement and better internal hardware. Plug-in models, on the other hand, will often be less expensive and more convenient to install. Match Wi-Fi Standards: While you may not pay much attention to which wireless standard your router uses, it will definitely have an impact on how helpful your extender is. If your wireless router uses the current 802.11ac standard, you’ll want to be sure your extender does, too. The older 802.11n standard is slower and often is limited to one band, which will create a bottleneck in your Wi-Fi coverage, slowing down all of your browsing and streaming. But that's a problem only if your router is offering better speeds. If you have an older wireless-N router, then a matching extender will do the job just fine. Placement Is Everything: Both wireless routers and Wi-Fi extenders use radio waves to share data back and forth with your internet connection. You need to find somewhere that's close enough to the router to grab a strong signal to rebroadcast, but far enough away to extend the network's range to where it's needed. Need more help? Check out our guide to Wi-Fi extender placement. Consider an Upgrade: If your wireless router isn't providing the speeds or coverage you want, it may be better to skip the Wi-Fi extender entirely and get a new router. Newer models offer better performance, and mesh routers will let you expand your wireless coverage across even the largest home. (One of our editors traded in his router-and-extender combination for a Netgear Orbi mesh system. See why he says "This mesh router is the best thing I bought during the pandemic.") How we test Wi-Fi extenders Every Wi-Fi extender we review is evaluated based on a combination of in-depth performance tests and hands-on usage in a real home. This mix of real-world use and controlled benchmark testing gives us a clear picture of how well each device performs. We use Ixia's Ix Chariot testing software to measure throughput at a variety of distances and environmental conditions. This includes testing with the extender placed at 50 feet and 75 feet from the router. The software simulates traffic in a busy wireless network while measuring data flow back and forth. The results are shown in megabits per second (Mbps) at a distance from the extender, with higher numbers indicating better performance. Measuring the throughput at various distances also lets us determine the effective range of the extender, giving you a better understanding of how well a device will do in covering the farthest corners of your home. We also use each product in a real customers home, which has signal-thwarting brick walls and the sort of sturdy construction that basic routers struggle to contend with. In that environment we use the network for everything from listening to music and streaming video to performing additional tests. All nerdcore customers are totally satisfied with all the wifi design extenders our network technicians install. Author Nerdcore Australia

You configure this feature with Windows Admin Center or PowerShell, and you can set compression on SMB shares, client mapped drives, clients, servers, or even on individual file copies using robocopy. SMB compression is most effective on networks with less bandwidth, such as a client's 1Gbps ethernet or Wi-Fi network. It supports your favorite SMB options like SMB signing, encryption, and multichannel. Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022 both have this new capability. This is a game changing feature in a world where files and are bigger than ever on networks that are fuller than ever. SMB Security We added a raft of new SMB security features in Windows Server 2022 for use with client-server scenarios as well as failover clustering and high speed RDMA networking. Security is ever evolving and besides the new options below, we have additional security features coming retroactively to Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022. Windows Admin Center and the SMB settings for encryption and signing AES-256 SMB encryption protects your data from being read off the network. Windows Server 2022 now supports AES-256-GCM and AES-256-CCM, in addition to the primary AES-128 encryption used today. This isn’t some implication that AES security is flawed – there are no practical attacks that would allow someone without a key to decrypt AES-128 and none reasonably forecast, despite what the quantum computing marketing folks would have you believe – it’s to ensure that we met mandates like FIPS 197, NSA Suite B Cryptography, and others required by top secret networks. In fact, we still use AES-128 by default for performance reasons and let you opt into 256 bits with group policy and management tools. Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022 have this new capability. Accelerated signing SMB signing prevents tampering with data on the network, as well as relay, interception, and spoofing attacks. With Windows Server 2022, we added AES-GMAC acceleration to signing, meaning improved AES-NI hardware offloading provided by CPUs. When two AES-128-GMAC machines are signing SMB and running at least Nehalem processors – i.e., newer than 12 years old – you’ll see the latency of signed SMB really drop and transfer speeds improve, especially on busy processors. For more info on signing, check out Configure SMB Signing with Confidence. Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022 have this new capability. SMB Direct and RDMA encryption SMB Direct and RDMA supply high bandwidth, low latency networking fabric for workloads like Storage Spaces Direct, Storage Replica, Hyper-V, Scale-out File Server, and MS SQL server. Windows Server 2022 SMB Direct now supports encryption. Previously, enabling SMB encryption disabled direct data placement; this was intentional, but seriously impacted performance. Now we encrypt data before placement, leading to far less performance degradation while adding AES-128 and AES-256 protected packet privacy. Windows 11 Enterprise, Education, and Pro Workstation, as well as Windows Server 2022, have this new capability. Failover Cluster East-West security control Windows Server failover clusters use intra-node communications instances for cluster shared volumes (CSV) and the storage bus layer (SBL). Windows Server 2022 now allows granular control of encrypting intra-node storage communications for those networks beyond the “default” instance of SMB Server. This means that when using clusters and RDMA networks, you can decide to encrypt or sign east-west communications within the cluster itself for higher security, but not necessarily for north-south communications like file copies or Hyper-V Live Migration – and the reverse as well. You can control this with PowerShell currently, there’s more info at Security Settings for Failover Clustering. Windows Server 2022 failover clusters have this new capability. Storage Migration Service The Storage Migration Service migrates servers, their storage, and their SMB config from old Windows and Linux to modern Windows Servers and clusters running on-prem or in Azure. You can now also migrate from NetApp FAS arrays running NetApp ONTAP 9 or later. The process is almost identical to migrating from an old Windows Server 2008 or 2012 machine, except that now you point to a NetApp FAS and pick from its running CIFS SVMs, and you can migrate the data into folders on one or more volumes as NetApp storage doesn’t have drive letters. Furthermore, SMS now integrates with Azure File Sync cloud tiering! AFS cloud tiering allows you to use less storage in your Windows File Server and tier your data into Azure for backups and added ransomware protection. Windows Admin Center and the Storage Migration Service enabling AFS sync on each volume Applications must be aware of AFS cloud tiering, though; when they copy a large data set and AFS says “hey, this volume is full – please wait for me to dehydrate these old files into Azure,” the app has to pause IO. SMS understands this and you can configure AFS cloud tiering on your destination so that the migration and AFS happen simultaneously. For more info on AFS cloud tiering, see Understand Azure File Sync cloud tiering. Windows Admin Center and the Storage Migration Service about to begin a transfer with AFS enabled For steps on SMS, see Use Storage Migration Service to migrate a server. Windows Server 2022 and Windows Server 2019 with an update both have this new capability. Storage and Networking While not specific to File Services, the Networking, Hyper-V, and local storage teams have been busy adding more performance options for SMB and file servers to gain on Windows Server 2022. You’ll be configuring the new standalone storage bus cache feature based on your drive configuration; the networking features are on by default and just work! TCP & UDP Networking Windows Server 2022 implements TCP HyStart++ to reduce packet loss during connection start up - especially helpful in high-speed networks - and RACK to reduce Retransmit Time Outs (RTO). These features are enabled in the transport stack by default and provide a smoother network data flow with better performance at high speeds. Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022 both have this new capability. Furthermore, UDP is becoming a more popular protocol carrying more networking traffic. In Windows Server 2022 we added the game changing UDP Segmentation Offload (USO). USO moves much of the work needed to send UDP packets from the CPU to the NIC's specialized hardware. We also added UDP Receive Side Coalescing (UDP RSC) which coalesces packets and reduces CPU usage for UDP processing. “But” you exclaim, “SMB uses TCP and RDMA, what does this matter?” Read on, noble IT Pro, to see why this is important. Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022 both have this new capability. vSwitch networking The odds that your file servers are virtualized are extremely high and Windows Server 2022 improves the Hyper-V vSwitch with updated Receive Segment Coalescing (RSC). This allows the hypervisor network to coalesce packets and process as one larger segment. This reduces CPU cycles and segments will remain coalesced across the entire data path until processed by the intended application. This means improved performance in both network traffic from an external host, received by a virtual NIC, as well as from a virtual NIC to another virtual NIC on the same host. Windows Server 2022 has this new capability. Storage bus cache Windows failover clusters with Storage Spaces Direct have supported a caching feature for many years and now the option is available for standalone servers using Storage Spaces as the storage bus cache. Storage bus cache can significantly improve read and write performance by tiering smaller fast flash drives above slower but higher capacity drives. A diagram of SSD and HDD drives arranged into mirror cache tiers and parity capacity tiers SBC can work both as a read cache and a read-write cache, depending on your hardware. It adds performance to a file server without breaking the bank. Windows Server 2022 has this new capability. SMB over QUIC (preview) Finally, we come to the next generation of hybrid file services: SMB over QUIC. SMB over QUIC (preview) provides secure and reliable connectivity to edge file servers over untrusted networks like the Internet, and brings an "SMB VPN" to telecommuters, mobile device users, and high security organizations. QUIC is an IETF-standardized protocol with many benefits over TCP, including: All applications using QUIC travel over UDP and, by default, the firewall-friendly port 443 TLS 1.3 ensures encryption of all packets and a certificate provides non-repudiation Parallel streams of reliable and unreliable application data Improved congestion control and loss recovery All SMB traffic, including authentication and authorization, occurs within the tunnel and is never exposed to the underlying network. SMB over QUIC supports Kerberos but even if you decide to use NTLMv2, no challenge or response is exposed to the network. Author Nercdore Australia

Frequently asked questions by our customers Having an efficient printing device is a great step to boost business activity. But office machines, including wireless printers, can always experience some problems and stop everything from working. Here are some answers to common wireless printer faqs to help you get started with your printer. 1. What type of printer machine does your company service? We service printers of all models and brands, including colour laser and inkjet printers, as well as multifunction devices, scanners, plotters, large format devices and photocopiers. Our technicians are up-to-date with new technologies and repair all machines available on the market. Hp printer repairs canon printer repairs xerox printer repairs brother printer repairs 2. What does your printer repair service include? Printer repairs melbourne by our printer repair technicians will always offer a free quote and same-day service to early callers. Our trained printer technicians, equipped with original components, will be on-site to assess the state of your device within the next 4 hours following your call and will bring it into one of our multiple melbourne workshops for evaluation. 3. What is the repair cost for printers? Nerdcore Printer Repairs Centre offers a flat rate call out fee, which means that we do not charge our customers by the hour to avoid any unexpected extra costs. Our 98% first-visit success rate testifies to our excellent services at the very best price in Melbourne. 4. Are your repairs guaranteed? We provide a 30-day warranty on all works done by our technicians and 3-months guarantee on all parts used on your device. 5. What if my printer doesn’t print anymore? This is one of the most common problem people experience. If your device does not point a specific issue, verify that it is properly connected to your router via the Ethernet cable or to the Wi-Fi for a wireless machine. Check the User Manual that came with your printer and follow the specified instructions to fix your printer. If your device is still not responding, contact the company’s tech support or professional technicians at Printer Repairs Centre. 6. My printer is very slow, what can I do? Printing speed depends on the quality of your device and on its maintenance. However, there are some things you can do to increase its speed: avoid double-sided printing as it slows down the process due to the rotation of the pages. In addition, you can speed up the process by printing documents in draft mode if you do not need high-quality output. 7. How can I avoid my printer jamming all the time? Paper jams are very common and frustrating. They are due to the paper not being aligned properly. Square the paper before putting it in the tray and don’t overfill it. You can also check your User Manual for troubleshooting solutions. If your printer keeps jamming, contact the company’s tech support or Printer Repairs Centre. 8. The text quality of the impressions is low, can I improve it? Quality output depends widely on the model and brand of your printer. Inkjet printers are adequate for everyday printing, but you should consider laser printers for your business impressions. Make sure you are not printing on draft mode and ensure that your ink cartridges do not need immediate replacement. For inkjet printers, you can also wipe the nozzle and line up the print head via the maintenance menu. For laser printers, check the ink cartridge and shake it several times from side to side. If the toner has “settled”, this manoeuver can resolve the issue. Printer Repairs Melbourne Author Nercdore Computers

Today marks the official retail availability of Intel’s 12th Generation Core processors, starting with the overclockable versions this side of the New Year, and the rest in 2022. These new processors are the first widescale launch of a hybrid processor design for mainstream Windows-based desktops using the underlying x86 architecture: Intel has created two types of core, a performance core and an efficiency core, to work together and provide the best of performance and low power in a singular package. This hybrid design and new platform however has a number of rocks in the river to navigate: adapting Windows 10, Windows 11, and all sorts of software to work properly, but also introduction of DDR5 at a time when DDR5 is still not widely available. There are so many potential pitfalls for this product, and we’re testing the flagship Core i9-12900K in a few key areas to see how it tackles them. Let’s Talk Processors Since August, Intel has been talking about the design of its 12th Generation Core processor family, also known as Alder Lake. We’ve already detailed over 16000 words on the topic, covering the fundamentals of each new core, how Intel has worked with Microsoft to improve Windows performance with the new design, as features like DDR5, chipsets, and overclocking. We’ll briefly cover the highlights here, but these two articles are worth the read for those that want to know. Intel Architecture Day 2021: Alder Lake, Golden Cove, and Gracemont Detailed Intel 12th Gen Core Alder Lake for Desktops Computer Repairs: CPUs, Chipsets, Power, DDR5, OCh At the heart of Intel’s processors is a hybrid, or heterogeneous, core design. The desktop processor silicon will have eight performance cores (P-cores) and eight efficiency cores (E-cores), the latter in two groups of four. Each of the cores is designed differently to optimize for their targets, but supports the same software. The goal is that software that is not urgent runs on efficiency cores, but time-sensitive software runs on performance cores, and that has required a new management control between the processor and Windows has been developed to enable Alder Lake to work at its best. That control is fully enabled in Windows 11, and Windows 10 can get most of the way there but doesn’t have all the bells and whistles for finer details – Linux support is in development. The use of this hybrid design makes some traditional performance measurements difficult to compare. Intel states that individually the performance cores are +19% over 11th Generation, and the efficiency cores are around 10th Generation performance levels at much lower power. At peak performance Intel has showcased in slides that four E-cores will outperform two 6th Generation cores in both performance and power, with the E-core being optimized also for performance per physical unit of silicon. Alternatively, Intel can use all P-cores and all E-cores on a singular task, up to 241W for the Core i9 processor. On top of all this, Intel is bringing new technology into the mix with 12th Gen Core. These processors will have PCIe 5.0 support, but also DDR5-4800 and DDR4-3200 support on the memory. This means that Alder Lake motherboards, using the new LGA1700 socket and Z690 chipsets, will be either DDR4 or DDR5 compatible. No motherboard will have slots for both (they’re not interchangeable), but as we are quite early in the DDR5 lifecycle, getting a DDR4 motherboard might be the only way for users to get hold of an Alder Lake system using their current memory. We test both DDR4 and DDR5 later on in the review to see if there is a performance difference. A small word on power (see this article for more info) – rather than giving a simple ‘TDP’ value as in previous generations, which only specified the power at a base frequency, Intel is expanding to providing both a Base power and a Turbo power this time around. On top of that, Intel is also making these processors have ‘infinite Turbo time’, meaning that with the right cooling, users should expect these processors to run up to the Turbo power indefinitely during heavy workloads. Intel giving both numbers is a welcome change, although some users have criticized the decreasing turbo power for Core i7 and Core i5. As we reported last week, here are the processors shipping today: Processors that have a K are overclockable, and those with an F do not have integrated graphics. The graphics on each of the non-F chips are Xe-LP graphics, the same as the previous generation. At the top of the stack is the Core i9-12900K, with eight P-cores and eight E-cores, running at a maximum 241 W. Moving down to i7 gives eight P-cores and four E-cores at 190 W, and the Core i5 gives six P-cores and four E-cores at 150 W. We understand that future processors may have six P-core and zero E-core designs. The Core i9-12900K, the focus of this review today, is listed at a tray price of $589. Intel always lists tray pricing, which means ‘price if you buy 1000 units as an OEM’. The retail packaging is often another +5-10% or so, which means actual retail pricing will be nearer $650, plus tax. At that pricing it really sits between two competitive processors: the 16-core Ryzen 9 5950X ($749) and the 12-core Ryzen 9 5900X ($549). Let’s Talk Operating Systems Suffice to say, from the perspective of a hardware reviewer, this launch is a difficult one to cover. Normally with a new processor we would run A vs B, and that’s most of the data we need aside from some specific edge cases. For this launch, there are other factors to consider: P-core vs E-core DDR5 vs DDR4 Windows 11 vs Windows 10 Every new degree of freedom to test is arguably a doubling of testing, so in this case 23 means 8x more testing than a normal review. Fun times. But the point to drill down to here is the last one. Windows 11 is really new. So new in fact that performance issues on various platforms are still being fixed: recently a patch was put out to correct an issue with AMD L3 cache sizes, for example. Even when Intel presented data against AMD last week, it had to admit that they didn’t have the patch yet. Other reviewers have showcased a number of performance consistency issues with the OS when simply changing CPUs in the same system. The interplay of a new operating system that may improve performance, combined with a new heterogeneous core design, combined with new memory, and limited testing time (guess who’s CPUs were held in customs for a week), means that for the next few weeks, or months, we’re going to be seeing new performance numbers and comparisons crop up. From Intel’s perspective, Windows 11 brings the full use of its Thread Director technology online. Normally the easiest way to run software on a CPU is to assume all the cores are the same - the advent of hyperthreading, favoured core, and other similar features meant that add-ins were applied to the operating system to help it work as intended at the hardware level. Hybrid designs add much more complexity, and so Intel built a new technology called Thread Director to handle it. At the base level, TD understands the CPU in terms of performance per core but also efficiency per core, and it can tell P-core from E-core from favoured P-core from a hyperthread. It gathers all this information, and tells the operating system what it knows – which threads need performance, what threads it thinks needs efficiency, and what are the best candidates to move up or down that stack. The operating system is still king, and can choose to ignore what TD suggests, but Windows 11 can take all that data and make decisions depending on what the user is currently focused on, the priority level of those tasks, and additional software hooks from developers regarding priority and latency. The idea is that with Windows 11, it all works. With Windows 10, it almost all works. The main difference Intel told us is although Windows 10 can separate cores apart, and hyperthreads, it doesn’t really understand efficiency that well. So its decisions are made more in regards to performance requirements, rather than performance vs efficiency. At the end of the day, all this should mean to the user is that Windows 10 tries to minimizes the run-to-run variation, but Windows 11 does it better. Ultimate best-case performance shouldn’t change in any serious way: a single thread on a P-core, or across several P-cores for example, should perform the same. Let’s Talk Testing This review is going to focus on these specific comparisons: Core i9-12900K on DDR5 vs the Competition Core i9-12900K on DDR5 vs Core i9-12900K on DDR4 Power and Performance of the P-Core vs E-Core Core i9-12900K Windows 11 vs Windows 10 Normally when a new version of Windows is launched, I stay as far away from it as possible. On a personal level, I enjoy consistency and stability in my workflow, but also when it comes to reviewing hardware – being able to be confident in having a consistent platform is the only true way to draw meaningful conclusions over a sustained period. Nonetheless, when a new operating system is launched, there is always the call to bulk wholesale move testing to a new platform. Windows 11 is Windows 10 with a new dress and some details moved around and improved, so it should be easier than most, however I’m still going to wait until the bulk of those initial early adopter issues, especially those that might affect performance are solved, before performing a flat refresh of our testing ecosystem. Expect that to come in Q2 next year, where we will also be updating to NVMe testing, and soliciting updates for benchmarks and new tests to explore. For our testing, we’re leveraging the following platforms: All other chips for comparison were ran as tests listed in our benchmark database, Bench, on Windows 10. Highlights of this review The new P-core is faster than a Zen 3 core, and uses 55-65 W in ST The new E-core is faster than Skylake, and uses 11-15 W in ST Maximum all-core power recorded was 272 W, but usually below 241 W (even in AVX-512) Despite Intel saying otherwise, Alder Lake does have AVX-512 support (if you want it)! Overall Performance of i9-12900K is well above i9-11900K Performance against AMD overall is a mixed bag: win on ST, MT varies Performance per Watt of the P-cores still lags Zen3 There are some fundamental Windows 10 issues (that can be solved) Don’t trust thermal software just yet, it says 100C but it’s not Linux idle power is lower than Windows idle power DDR5 gains shine through in specific MT tests, otherwise neutral to DDR4 Author Nercdore Australia

12 Point File Server Maintenance Checklist Here is a File Server Maintenance Checklist A file Server is an amazing tool. They work 24/7, without issue, but like any machine they do require some maintenance an checkups. Some form of Simple maintenance and monitoring can often prevent a server failure from turning into a server disaster. Our engineers have all the great stories to tell I’ve had people call in a panic that there server has crashed. We begin to investigate to discover that their RAID failed last year, their backups stopped three months ago and their disk reached 100% capacity, corrupting their database. If you use our managed services, you don’t have to worry about these things. We monitor, review and maintain things 24/7, but if you are managing your own server, here are twelve items that should be part of your server maintenance checklist. 12 Server Maintenance Tips 1. Verify your backups are working. Before making any changes to your production system, be sure that your backups are working. You may even want to run some test recoveries if you are going to delete critical data. While focused on backups, you may want to make sure you have selected the right backup location. 2. Check disk usage. Don’t use your production system as an archival system. Delete old logs, emails, and software versions no longer used. Keeping your system free of old software limits security issues. A smaller data footprint means faster recovery. If your usage is exceeding 90% of disk capacity, either reduce usage or add more storage. If your partition reaches 100%, your server may stop responding, database tables can corrupt and data may be lost. 3. Monitor RAID Alarms. All production servers should use RAID. More importantly, you should be monitoring your RAID status. In our decade plus in business, we have worked on countless systems where the RAID failed. As a result, a single disk failure caused a complete system failure. At Nerdcore Australia , we either use providers that monitor our RAID for us or we have setup direct RAID monitoring. Roughly I estimate that RAID fails in about 1% of servers per year. One percent may seem small, but a complete server failure can turn a simple drive replacement into a multi-hour disaster recovery scenario. 4. Update Your OS. Updates for Linux systems are release frequently. Staying on top of these updates can be challenging. This is why we use automated patch management tools and have monitoring in place to alert us when a system is out of date. If you are updating your server manually (or not at all), you may miss important security updates. Hackers often scan for vulnerably systems within hours of a issue being disclosed. So rapid response is key. If you cannot automate your updates, then create a schedule to update your system. I recommend weekly at a minimum for current versions and perhaps monthly for older OS versions. I would also monitor release notices from your distribution so you are aware of any major security threats and can respond quickly. 5. Update your Control Panel. If you are using a hosting or server control panel, be sure to update it as well. Sometimes this means updating not only the control panel itself, but also software it controls. For example, with WHM/cPanel, you must manually update PHP versions to fix known issues. Simply updating the control panel does not also update the underlying Apache and PHP versions used by your OS. 6. Check application updates. Web applications account for more than 95% of all security breaches we investigate. Be sure to update your web applications, especially popular programs like WordPress. 7. Check remote management tools. If your server is co-located or with a dedicated server provider, you will want to check that your remote management tools work. Remote console, remote reboot and rescue mode are what I call the 3 essential tools for remote server management. You want to know that these will work when you need them. 8. Check for hardware errors. You may want to review the logs for any signs of hardware problems. Overheating notices, disk read errors, network failures could be early indicators of potential hardware failure. These are rare but worth a look, especially if the system has not been working within normal ranges. 9. Check server utilization. Review your server’s disk, CPU, RAM and network utilization. If you are nearing limits, you may need to plan on adding resources to your server or migrating to a new one. If you are not using a performance monitoring tool, you can install systat on most Linux servers. This will provide you some baseline performance data. 10. Review user accounts. If you have had staff changes, client cancellations or other user changes, you will want to remove these users from your system. Storing old sites and users is both a security and legal risk. Depending on your service contracts, you may not have the right to retain a client’s data after they have terminated services. 11. Change passwords. I recommend changing passwords every 6 to 12 months, especially if you have given out passwords to others for maintenance. 12. Check system security. I suggest a periodic review of your server’s security using a remote auditing tool such as Nessus. Regular security audits serve as a check on system configuration, OS updates and other potential security risks. I suggest this at least 4 times a year and preferably monthly. Also, you may want to revisit the 10 immutable laws of security administration. Being Proactive Prevents Failures As part of our management services, we monitor over a dozen server health metrics. By keeping track of things like swap usage, loads, mail queue depth and more, our team of sysadmin often spot issues before they become failures. Should failures occur, our team can focus on fixing the issue rather than worrying about maintenance items. This allows us to resolve most service outages in minutes. We don’t have to stop and apply six months of OS updates to see if a known bug is the issue. We highly recommend automating server management and maintenance. If you cannot automate, then create a schedule and stick to it. When we first started in this business over 10 years ago, we did a lot of things manually. That works well for a few severs, but once you have dozens of systems to manage, you can miss things. Tools like Nagios, New Relic, Pingdom, sysstat and many other open source and SaaS products can help you keep tabs on your servers.